ESL 154 COMPREHENSIVE ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
Phonology - ✔✔the study of speech sounds in language; how sounds are organized
and used in natural languages
✔✔Morphology - ✔✔Units of meaning involved in word formation
✔✔Syntax - ✔✔Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
✔✔Semantics - ✔✔Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words,
and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
✔✔Pragmatics - ✔✔Appropriate use of language in different contexts; social use of
language
✔✔What are two examples of critical components for the second language learner? -
✔✔Oral language development and phonological/phonemic awareness
✔✔ELLs need ____________________ of L2 before they can make connections
between letter and sound. - ✔✔Phonology
✔✔___________________ awareness instruction focuses on the sounds in spoken
language. It is auditory and does not involve print. - ✔✔Phonological
✔✔Target Sound - ✔✔Sound to be transcribed
✔✔An English language learner is experiencing difficulty with an aspect of English
phonology. In order to address a difficulty in this area, the student's teacher should
initially focus instruction on what? - ✔✔The associated target sound
✔✔Phoneme - ✔✔The smallest distinctive sound unit
,✔✔What are some best practices strategies to promote literacy development for ELLs?
- ✔✔Teach phonics in context
Use hands on activities to help teach letter-sound relationships
Have students write for sound
Help students make a connection between their L1 and English.
✔✔The approach of teachers making students see them writing down their exact words
to reinforce their understanding of the relationship between written and oral language
trains students to...? - ✔✔Write for sound - they learn to represent words phonetically in
their writing
✔✔Content Based Instruction + 3 Models - ✔✔CBI: requires students to practice
language skills in a highly integrated, communicative way while learning content
3 Models:
1) theme-based - language skills are integrated in the study of themes or broad topics
2) adjunct - language and content courses are taught separately but closely coordinated
3) sheltered - English is simplified to ELL's level of proficiency while teaching content
✔✔Why is combining sentences to make complex sentences an important exercise to
help ESL students advance in their writing abilities? - ✔✔Most of the sentences used in
writing or in continuous speech are complex.
✔✔Literal comprehension - ✔✔Understanding of the basic facts that the student has
read; grasping and interpreting text
✔✔Inferential comprehension - ✔✔Understanding of information that isn't explicitly
given, but rather implied in a written passage. (make predictions); make inferences
✔✔What are sentence stems and why are they used? - ✔✔Sentence starters followed
by blank lines.
Provide scaffolding to help students get started in speaking or writing without the added
pressure of thinking about how to correctly formulate a response.
Academic language and sentence structure is difficult for ELLs. Stems help with proper
sentence structure. They help build an understanding of syntactic structure
✔✔Decoding - ✔✔Reader's ability to use knowledge of the relationships between letters
in print and the speech sounds they represent in order to identify an unfamiliar word.
✔✔Word roots - ✔✔Main words or parts to which prefixes and suffixes can be added
✔✔Affixes - ✔✔Parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to
create new words.
, ✔✔Alphabetic Principle - ✔✔Understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the
sounds of spoken words.
✔✔Phonemic Awareness - ✔✔Being able to identify speech sounds
Example: student able to tell the difference between /b/ and /t/.
NOT related to the printed symbols representing those sounds
✔✔Structural Analysis - ✔✔Breaking a word down by isolating its prefixes and suffixes
to better identify the word
✔✔Phonics - ✔✔Matching the sound of letters to the printed symbols for those letters.
Example: student sees the letter /t/ and knows the sound that letter makes;
✔✔Non-Tonal Languages - ✔✔Tone, not grammar, is used to distinguish words which
would otherwise be homonyms. Pitch is used to distinguish word meaning
✔✔Graphophonemic Knowledge - ✔✔Recognition of letters and the understanding of
sound-symbol relationships and spelling patterns; often referred to as phonics
✔✔Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS) - ✔✔Join grammatically similar elements (2
nouns, 2 verbs, 2 modifiers, 2 independent clauses); for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so;
✔✔Infinitive phrase - ✔✔Phrases that begin with an infinitive. (to + simple form of the
verb)
✔✔Subordinate clause - ✔✔Subject + Verb - cannot stand alone as a sentence
because it does not provide a complete thought.
✔✔Independent clause - ✔✔Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a
sentence. Has both a subject and a verb.
✔✔One of the most obvious types of ______________ cue ____________ by Spanish
speakers acquiring English as a second language is in the use of prepositions. It is easy
for them to mix up the use of corresponding English preposition because they are not
differentiated in Spanish - ✔✔Forward cue transfer
✔✔What is another name for prepositions? - ✔✔Satellites
✔✔Forward transfer - ✔✔The individual may apply knowledge from their native
language (L1) in the acquisition of their second language
✔✔English is a language of __________ irregularities (frequency with which the same
symbols are used to represent different sounds) - ✔✔Phonetic
QUESTIONS SET A+
Phonology - ✔✔the study of speech sounds in language; how sounds are organized
and used in natural languages
✔✔Morphology - ✔✔Units of meaning involved in word formation
✔✔Syntax - ✔✔Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
✔✔Semantics - ✔✔Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words,
and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
✔✔Pragmatics - ✔✔Appropriate use of language in different contexts; social use of
language
✔✔What are two examples of critical components for the second language learner? -
✔✔Oral language development and phonological/phonemic awareness
✔✔ELLs need ____________________ of L2 before they can make connections
between letter and sound. - ✔✔Phonology
✔✔___________________ awareness instruction focuses on the sounds in spoken
language. It is auditory and does not involve print. - ✔✔Phonological
✔✔Target Sound - ✔✔Sound to be transcribed
✔✔An English language learner is experiencing difficulty with an aspect of English
phonology. In order to address a difficulty in this area, the student's teacher should
initially focus instruction on what? - ✔✔The associated target sound
✔✔Phoneme - ✔✔The smallest distinctive sound unit
,✔✔What are some best practices strategies to promote literacy development for ELLs?
- ✔✔Teach phonics in context
Use hands on activities to help teach letter-sound relationships
Have students write for sound
Help students make a connection between their L1 and English.
✔✔The approach of teachers making students see them writing down their exact words
to reinforce their understanding of the relationship between written and oral language
trains students to...? - ✔✔Write for sound - they learn to represent words phonetically in
their writing
✔✔Content Based Instruction + 3 Models - ✔✔CBI: requires students to practice
language skills in a highly integrated, communicative way while learning content
3 Models:
1) theme-based - language skills are integrated in the study of themes or broad topics
2) adjunct - language and content courses are taught separately but closely coordinated
3) sheltered - English is simplified to ELL's level of proficiency while teaching content
✔✔Why is combining sentences to make complex sentences an important exercise to
help ESL students advance in their writing abilities? - ✔✔Most of the sentences used in
writing or in continuous speech are complex.
✔✔Literal comprehension - ✔✔Understanding of the basic facts that the student has
read; grasping and interpreting text
✔✔Inferential comprehension - ✔✔Understanding of information that isn't explicitly
given, but rather implied in a written passage. (make predictions); make inferences
✔✔What are sentence stems and why are they used? - ✔✔Sentence starters followed
by blank lines.
Provide scaffolding to help students get started in speaking or writing without the added
pressure of thinking about how to correctly formulate a response.
Academic language and sentence structure is difficult for ELLs. Stems help with proper
sentence structure. They help build an understanding of syntactic structure
✔✔Decoding - ✔✔Reader's ability to use knowledge of the relationships between letters
in print and the speech sounds they represent in order to identify an unfamiliar word.
✔✔Word roots - ✔✔Main words or parts to which prefixes and suffixes can be added
✔✔Affixes - ✔✔Parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to
create new words.
, ✔✔Alphabetic Principle - ✔✔Understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the
sounds of spoken words.
✔✔Phonemic Awareness - ✔✔Being able to identify speech sounds
Example: student able to tell the difference between /b/ and /t/.
NOT related to the printed symbols representing those sounds
✔✔Structural Analysis - ✔✔Breaking a word down by isolating its prefixes and suffixes
to better identify the word
✔✔Phonics - ✔✔Matching the sound of letters to the printed symbols for those letters.
Example: student sees the letter /t/ and knows the sound that letter makes;
✔✔Non-Tonal Languages - ✔✔Tone, not grammar, is used to distinguish words which
would otherwise be homonyms. Pitch is used to distinguish word meaning
✔✔Graphophonemic Knowledge - ✔✔Recognition of letters and the understanding of
sound-symbol relationships and spelling patterns; often referred to as phonics
✔✔Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS) - ✔✔Join grammatically similar elements (2
nouns, 2 verbs, 2 modifiers, 2 independent clauses); for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so;
✔✔Infinitive phrase - ✔✔Phrases that begin with an infinitive. (to + simple form of the
verb)
✔✔Subordinate clause - ✔✔Subject + Verb - cannot stand alone as a sentence
because it does not provide a complete thought.
✔✔Independent clause - ✔✔Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a
sentence. Has both a subject and a verb.
✔✔One of the most obvious types of ______________ cue ____________ by Spanish
speakers acquiring English as a second language is in the use of prepositions. It is easy
for them to mix up the use of corresponding English preposition because they are not
differentiated in Spanish - ✔✔Forward cue transfer
✔✔What is another name for prepositions? - ✔✔Satellites
✔✔Forward transfer - ✔✔The individual may apply knowledge from their native
language (L1) in the acquisition of their second language
✔✔English is a language of __________ irregularities (frequency with which the same
symbols are used to represent different sounds) - ✔✔Phonetic
