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MUSCULAR SYSTEM • Many nuclei.
5. ENDOMYSIUM:
Functions: • Connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber.
1. Movement
2. Maintainposture STRUCTURES-MUSCLE FIBER STRUCTURE
3. Respiration
4. Production of body heat 1. SARCOLEMMA:
5. Communication • cell membrane-contains T-tubules.
6. Heartbeat 2. SARCOPLASM:
7. Contraction of organs and vessels • cytoplasm of muscle fiber (cell).
3. MYOFIBRIL:
• thread-like proteins that make up muscle fibers.
Types: 4. MYOFILAMENT:
• proteins that make up myofibrils.
1. Skeletal Muscle
• Ex. actin and myosin.
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Smooth Muscle SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM: stores and releases Ca2+.
Sarcomere-basis for muscle contraction theory known as
General Properties of Muscle sliding filament theory.
1. EXCITABILITY:
- Respond to stimulus
2. CONTRACTILITY: STRUCTURES-ACTIN AND MYOSIN MYOFILAMENTS
- Ability to shorten
1. ACTIN:
3. EXTENSIBILITY:
• Thin myofilament
- Can stretch
• Resemble 2 strands of pearls.
4. ELASTICITY:
2. MYOSIN:
- Recoil
• Thick myofilament
• Resemble golf clubs.
Clinical Significance of Muscle 3. TROPONIN:
• attachmentsiteonactinforCa2+.
1. Muscles are sites for the introduction of drugs. 4. TROPOMYOSIN:
• Intramuscular injections in the: arm (into deltoid • Filament on grooves of actin.
muscles), thigh (into vastus muscles), and buttocks • attachment site on actin for myosin.
(into gluteus muscles).
2. Muscles are efficiently used in lifting & moving clients.
STRUCTURES-SARCOMERES
SKELETAL MUSCLE 1. SARCOMERE:
• contractile unit-contains actin and myosin.
Characteristics: 2. Z DISK:
• protein fibers that form attachment site for actin.
1. Makes up 40% of body weight.
3. H ZONE:
2. Named because attached to bones (skeleton).
• center of sarcomere-contains only myosin.
3. Many nuclei per cell (near periphery).
4. I BAND
4. Striated
• Contains only actin.
5. Longest of muscle types.
5. A BAND:
• Where actin and myosin overlap.
6. M LINE:
STRUCTURES-CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERINGS • Where myosin are anchored.
1. EPIMYSIUM:
• connective tissue that surrounds entire skeletal muscle
(outside). EXCITABILITY OF MUSCLES FIBERS
2. MUSCLE FASCICULUS:
• bundle of muscle fibers.
3. PERIMYSIUM:
• connective tissue around each muscle fasciculus.
4. MUSCLE FIBER:
• Skeletal muscle cells.
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ACTION POTENTIAL
• “electricity”
• stimulus that causes rapid depolarization and
repolarization.
• causes muscle to contract.
DEPOLARIZATION
• change in charges.
• inside becomes more + and outside more.
• Na+ channels open.
REPOLARIZATION
• Na+ channels close.
• change back to resting potential.
SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP
• pumps Na+ out of cell and transports K+ into cell.
• restores balance.
NERVE SUPPLY AND MUSCLE FIBER STIMULATION
1. MOTOR NEURON:
• nerve cells that carry action potentials to muscle fibers.
2. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (SYNAPSE):
• where nerve cell and muscle fiber meet.
3. PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL:
• end of nerve cell (axon).
4. SYNAPTIC CLEFT:
• space between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic
membrane.
5. POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE:
• muscle fiber membrane.
6. SYNAPTIC VESICLE:
• in presynaptic terminal.
• store and release neurotransmitters.
7. NEUROTRANSMITTER:
• Chemicals that stimulate or inhibit a muscle fiber.
• Ex. Acetylcholine
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
STEPS IN A MUSCLE CONTRACTION (Sliding Filament
The Sliding Filament Mechanism
Theory)
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
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1. An action potential travels down motor neuron to • Twitch:
presynaptic terminal causing Ca2+ channels to open. -Rapid contraction and relaxation of a muscle.
2. Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine • Tetanus:
into synaptic cleft. - Muscle remains contracted.
3. Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on Na+ channels,
Na+ channels open, and Na+ rushes into postsynaptic
terminal (depolarization). TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
4. Na+ causes sarcolemma and t-tubules to increase the
permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases • ISOTONIC:
stored calcium. - amount of repetitions increases.
5. Ca2+ binds to troponin which is attached to actin. ➢ Concentric – movement is against gravity.
6. Ca2+ binding to troponin causes tropomyosin to move ➢ Eccentric – movement is with gravity.
exposing attachment sites for myosin. • ISOMETRIC:
7. Myosin heads bind to actin. - amount of tension increases (weight).
8. ATP is released from myosin heads and heads bend
toward center of sarcomere.
9. Bending forces actin to slide over myosin. SLOW TWITCH FIBERS
10. Acetylcholinesterase (enzyme breaks down
acetylcholine) is released, Na+ channels close, and • Contract slowly
muscle contraction stops. • Fatigue slowly
• Long distance runners
• Use aerobic respiration.
• Energy from fat
• Dark meat
• Red or dark because of myoglobin.
• Myoglobin: helps O2 bind in muscle
FAST TWITCH FIBERS
• Contract quickly
• Fatigue quickly
• Sprinters
• Use anaerobic respiration.
• Energy from glycogen.
• White meat
OTHER FACTS ABOUT TWITCH FIBERS
• Humans have both types of fibers.
• Distribution of fibers is genetically determined.
• Neither type can be converted but capacity can be
Other Information increased through intense exercise.
• ATP is made in mitochondria from aerobic or
anaerobic respiration. SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY
• During a muscle contraction, H zone and I band
shorten but A band stays the same. • Origin:
• Striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle are due to - Non movable end
sarcomeres (actin and myosin). • Insertion:
• Rigor mortis: - movable end.
- person dies and no ATP is available to release cross- • Belly:
bridges. - middle
• Agonist:
Terms - muscle that accomplishes a certain movement.
• Threshold: • Antagonist:
- weakest stimulus needed to produce a response. - muscles that oppose each other.
• All or None Law: • Synergists:
- Muscle contracts or doesn’t (no in between) - muscles that work together.
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM • Many nuclei.
5. ENDOMYSIUM:
Functions: • Connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber.
1. Movement
2. Maintainposture STRUCTURES-MUSCLE FIBER STRUCTURE
3. Respiration
4. Production of body heat 1. SARCOLEMMA:
5. Communication • cell membrane-contains T-tubules.
6. Heartbeat 2. SARCOPLASM:
7. Contraction of organs and vessels • cytoplasm of muscle fiber (cell).
3. MYOFIBRIL:
• thread-like proteins that make up muscle fibers.
Types: 4. MYOFILAMENT:
• proteins that make up myofibrils.
1. Skeletal Muscle
• Ex. actin and myosin.
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Smooth Muscle SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM: stores and releases Ca2+.
Sarcomere-basis for muscle contraction theory known as
General Properties of Muscle sliding filament theory.
1. EXCITABILITY:
- Respond to stimulus
2. CONTRACTILITY: STRUCTURES-ACTIN AND MYOSIN MYOFILAMENTS
- Ability to shorten
1. ACTIN:
3. EXTENSIBILITY:
• Thin myofilament
- Can stretch
• Resemble 2 strands of pearls.
4. ELASTICITY:
2. MYOSIN:
- Recoil
• Thick myofilament
• Resemble golf clubs.
Clinical Significance of Muscle 3. TROPONIN:
• attachmentsiteonactinforCa2+.
1. Muscles are sites for the introduction of drugs. 4. TROPOMYOSIN:
• Intramuscular injections in the: arm (into deltoid • Filament on grooves of actin.
muscles), thigh (into vastus muscles), and buttocks • attachment site on actin for myosin.
(into gluteus muscles).
2. Muscles are efficiently used in lifting & moving clients.
STRUCTURES-SARCOMERES
SKELETAL MUSCLE 1. SARCOMERE:
• contractile unit-contains actin and myosin.
Characteristics: 2. Z DISK:
• protein fibers that form attachment site for actin.
1. Makes up 40% of body weight.
3. H ZONE:
2. Named because attached to bones (skeleton).
• center of sarcomere-contains only myosin.
3. Many nuclei per cell (near periphery).
4. I BAND
4. Striated
• Contains only actin.
5. Longest of muscle types.
5. A BAND:
• Where actin and myosin overlap.
6. M LINE:
STRUCTURES-CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERINGS • Where myosin are anchored.
1. EPIMYSIUM:
• connective tissue that surrounds entire skeletal muscle
(outside). EXCITABILITY OF MUSCLES FIBERS
2. MUSCLE FASCICULUS:
• bundle of muscle fibers.
3. PERIMYSIUM:
• connective tissue around each muscle fasciculus.
4. MUSCLE FIBER:
• Skeletal muscle cells.
_physiology_reviewer.docx@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
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,_physiology_reviewer.docx@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211022145942_6172d1de34375_anatomy_and_physiology_reviewer.docx@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Page 2 of
ACTION POTENTIAL
• “electricity”
• stimulus that causes rapid depolarization and
repolarization.
• causes muscle to contract.
DEPOLARIZATION
• change in charges.
• inside becomes more + and outside more.
• Na+ channels open.
REPOLARIZATION
• Na+ channels close.
• change back to resting potential.
SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP
• pumps Na+ out of cell and transports K+ into cell.
• restores balance.
NERVE SUPPLY AND MUSCLE FIBER STIMULATION
1. MOTOR NEURON:
• nerve cells that carry action potentials to muscle fibers.
2. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (SYNAPSE):
• where nerve cell and muscle fiber meet.
3. PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL:
• end of nerve cell (axon).
4. SYNAPTIC CLEFT:
• space between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic
membrane.
5. POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE:
• muscle fiber membrane.
6. SYNAPTIC VESICLE:
• in presynaptic terminal.
• store and release neurotransmitters.
7. NEUROTRANSMITTER:
• Chemicals that stimulate or inhibit a muscle fiber.
• Ex. Acetylcholine
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
STEPS IN A MUSCLE CONTRACTION (Sliding Filament
The Sliding Filament Mechanism
Theory)
_physiology_reviewer.docx@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
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,_physiology_reviewer.docx@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211022145942_6172d1de34375_anatomy_and_physiology_reviewer.docx@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Page 3 of
1. An action potential travels down motor neuron to • Twitch:
presynaptic terminal causing Ca2+ channels to open. -Rapid contraction and relaxation of a muscle.
2. Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine • Tetanus:
into synaptic cleft. - Muscle remains contracted.
3. Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on Na+ channels,
Na+ channels open, and Na+ rushes into postsynaptic
terminal (depolarization). TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
4. Na+ causes sarcolemma and t-tubules to increase the
permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases • ISOTONIC:
stored calcium. - amount of repetitions increases.
5. Ca2+ binds to troponin which is attached to actin. ➢ Concentric – movement is against gravity.
6. Ca2+ binding to troponin causes tropomyosin to move ➢ Eccentric – movement is with gravity.
exposing attachment sites for myosin. • ISOMETRIC:
7. Myosin heads bind to actin. - amount of tension increases (weight).
8. ATP is released from myosin heads and heads bend
toward center of sarcomere.
9. Bending forces actin to slide over myosin. SLOW TWITCH FIBERS
10. Acetylcholinesterase (enzyme breaks down
acetylcholine) is released, Na+ channels close, and • Contract slowly
muscle contraction stops. • Fatigue slowly
• Long distance runners
• Use aerobic respiration.
• Energy from fat
• Dark meat
• Red or dark because of myoglobin.
• Myoglobin: helps O2 bind in muscle
FAST TWITCH FIBERS
• Contract quickly
• Fatigue quickly
• Sprinters
• Use anaerobic respiration.
• Energy from glycogen.
• White meat
OTHER FACTS ABOUT TWITCH FIBERS
• Humans have both types of fibers.
• Distribution of fibers is genetically determined.
• Neither type can be converted but capacity can be
Other Information increased through intense exercise.
• ATP is made in mitochondria from aerobic or
anaerobic respiration. SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY
• During a muscle contraction, H zone and I band
shorten but A band stays the same. • Origin:
• Striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle are due to - Non movable end
sarcomeres (actin and myosin). • Insertion:
• Rigor mortis: - movable end.
- person dies and no ATP is available to release cross- • Belly:
bridges. - middle
• Agonist:
Terms - muscle that accomplishes a certain movement.
• Threshold: • Antagonist:
- weakest stimulus needed to produce a response. - muscles that oppose each other.
• All or None Law: • Synergists:
- Muscle contracts or doesn’t (no in between) - muscles that work together.
_physiology_reviewer.docx@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
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