natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((
KMTC/QP-07/LDL
Weber- Anatomy and Physiology
Organization of the Human Body
Anatomy
▪ Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology
▪ Study of how the body and its parts work or function
Anatomy—Levels of Study
▪ Gross anatomy
▪ Large structures
▪ Easily observable
▪ Microscopic Anatomy
▪ Very small structures
▪ Can only be viewed with a microscope
Major features of the human body include its cavities, membranes, and organ systems.
A. Body Cavities:
1. The body can be divided into two main cavities, dorsal and ventral. Organs within
these cavities are called viscera (remember the visceral mass?).
a. The dorsal cavity can be divided into the cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral
cavity (spinal cord).
b. The ventral cavity is made up of the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic
cavity, separated by the diaphragm (the muscle that helps you breathe).
i. The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the abdominal cavity
(digestive organs) and the pelvic cavity (lower digestive organs and
reproductive organs).
1
natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96
,natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((
KMTC/QP-07/LDL
ii. The thoracic cavity is commonly known as the chest cavity, and contains
the heart and lungs.
c. Smaller cavities within the head include the oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital
cavities, and middle ear cavities.
B. Organ Systems:
1. Body Covering
a. The integumentary system, including skin, hair, nails, and various glands,
covers the body, senses changes outside the body, and helps regulate body
temperature.
2. Support and Movement
a. The skeletal system, made up of bones and ligaments, supports, protects,
provides frameworks, stores inorganic salts, and houses blood-forming tissues.
b. The muscular system consists of the muscles that provide body movement,
posture, and body heat.
3. Integration and Coordination
a. The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs.
It integrates information incoming from receptors and sends impulses to
muscles and glands.
b. The endocrine system, including all of the glands that secrete hormones.
Hormones circulate in the body fluids and act on specific target cells to help to
integrate and control metabolic functions.
4. Transport
a. The cardiovascular system, made up of the heart and blood vessels, distributes
oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing wastes from the cells.
b. The lymphatic system, consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus,
and spleen, drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity.
5. Absorption and Excretion
a. The digestive system, made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and
accessory organs, receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients.
2
natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96
,natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((
KMTC/QP-07/LDL
b. The respiratory system exchanges gases between the blood and air and is made
up of the lungs and passageways for air.
c. The urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra,
removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte
balance.
6. Reproduction
a. The reproductive system produces new organisms.
i. The male reproductive system consists of the testes, accessory organs,
and vessels that conduct sperm to the penis.
ii. The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
vagina, and external genitalia. The female reproductive system also
houses the developing offspring.
C. Anatomical Terminology:
A. Relative Directions
1. Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a part relative to another
part.
2. Terms of relative position include: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial,
lateral, proximal, distal, superficial (peripheral), and deep.
B. Body Planes
1. A sagittal section divides the body into right and left portions.
2. A transverse section divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
3. A coronal section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
C. Body Cavities
1. The ventral cavity can be divided into three regions (abdominal, thoracic, pelvic).
2. The dorsal cavity is comprised of two divisions (cranial, vertebral).
3
natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96
,natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((
KMTC/QP-07/LDL
THE CELL
CELLULAR LEVEL - cells are the basic structural and functional units of the human body & there are many different
types of cells (e.g., muscle, nerve, blood, and so on)
TISSUE LEVEL - a tissue is a group of cells that perform a specific function and the basic types of tissues in the
human body include epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissues
ORGAN LEVEL - an organ consists of 2 or more tissues that perform a particular function (e.g., heart, liver, stomach,
and so on)
SYSTEM LEVEL - an association of organs that have a common function; there are 11 major systems in the human
body, including digestive, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, muscular,
lymphatic, skeletal, and integumentary.
CELL
• The cell is one of the most basic units of life.
• There are millions of different types of cells.
• There are cells that are organisms onto themselves, such as microscopic amoeba and bacteria cells.
• And there are cells that only function when part of a larger organism, such as the cells that make up your body.
• The cell is the smallest unit of life in our bodies.
• In the body, there are brain cells, skin cells, liver cells, stomach cells, etc
• All of these cells have unique functions and features. And all have some recognizable similarities.
• All cells have a 'skin', called the plasma membrane, protecting it from the outside environment.
• The cell membrane regulates the movement of water, nutrients and wastes into and out of the cell.
• Inside of the cell membrane are the working parts of the cell.
• At the center of the cell is the cell nucleus.
• The cell nucleus contains the cell's DNA, the genetic code that coordinates protein synthesis.
• In addition to the nucleus, there are many organelles inside of the cell - small structures that help carry out the day-
to-day operations of the cell.
• One important cellular organelle is the ribosome. Ribosomes participate in protein synthesis.
4
natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((
KMTC/QP-07/LDL
Weber- Anatomy and Physiology
Organization of the Human Body
Anatomy
▪ Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology
▪ Study of how the body and its parts work or function
Anatomy—Levels of Study
▪ Gross anatomy
▪ Large structures
▪ Easily observable
▪ Microscopic Anatomy
▪ Very small structures
▪ Can only be viewed with a microscope
Major features of the human body include its cavities, membranes, and organ systems.
A. Body Cavities:
1. The body can be divided into two main cavities, dorsal and ventral. Organs within
these cavities are called viscera (remember the visceral mass?).
a. The dorsal cavity can be divided into the cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral
cavity (spinal cord).
b. The ventral cavity is made up of the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic
cavity, separated by the diaphragm (the muscle that helps you breathe).
i. The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the abdominal cavity
(digestive organs) and the pelvic cavity (lower digestive organs and
reproductive organs).
1
natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96
,natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((
KMTC/QP-07/LDL
ii. The thoracic cavity is commonly known as the chest cavity, and contains
the heart and lungs.
c. Smaller cavities within the head include the oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital
cavities, and middle ear cavities.
B. Organ Systems:
1. Body Covering
a. The integumentary system, including skin, hair, nails, and various glands,
covers the body, senses changes outside the body, and helps regulate body
temperature.
2. Support and Movement
a. The skeletal system, made up of bones and ligaments, supports, protects,
provides frameworks, stores inorganic salts, and houses blood-forming tissues.
b. The muscular system consists of the muscles that provide body movement,
posture, and body heat.
3. Integration and Coordination
a. The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs.
It integrates information incoming from receptors and sends impulses to
muscles and glands.
b. The endocrine system, including all of the glands that secrete hormones.
Hormones circulate in the body fluids and act on specific target cells to help to
integrate and control metabolic functions.
4. Transport
a. The cardiovascular system, made up of the heart and blood vessels, distributes
oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing wastes from the cells.
b. The lymphatic system, consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus,
and spleen, drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity.
5. Absorption and Excretion
a. The digestive system, made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and
accessory organs, receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients.
2
natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96
,natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((
KMTC/QP-07/LDL
b. The respiratory system exchanges gases between the blood and air and is made
up of the lungs and passageways for air.
c. The urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra,
removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte
balance.
6. Reproduction
a. The reproductive system produces new organisms.
i. The male reproductive system consists of the testes, accessory organs,
and vessels that conduct sperm to the penis.
ii. The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
vagina, and external genitalia. The female reproductive system also
houses the developing offspring.
C. Anatomical Terminology:
A. Relative Directions
1. Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a part relative to another
part.
2. Terms of relative position include: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial,
lateral, proximal, distal, superficial (peripheral), and deep.
B. Body Planes
1. A sagittal section divides the body into right and left portions.
2. A transverse section divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
3. A coronal section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
C. Body Cavities
1. The ventral cavity can be divided into three regions (abdominal, thoracic, pelvic).
2. The dorsal cavity is comprised of two divisions (cranial, vertebral).
3
natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96
,natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((
KMTC/QP-07/LDL
THE CELL
CELLULAR LEVEL - cells are the basic structural and functional units of the human body & there are many different
types of cells (e.g., muscle, nerve, blood, and so on)
TISSUE LEVEL - a tissue is a group of cells that perform a specific function and the basic types of tissues in the
human body include epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissues
ORGAN LEVEL - an organ consists of 2 or more tissues that perform a particular function (e.g., heart, liver, stomach,
and so on)
SYSTEM LEVEL - an association of organs that have a common function; there are 11 major systems in the human
body, including digestive, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, muscular,
lymphatic, skeletal, and integumentary.
CELL
• The cell is one of the most basic units of life.
• There are millions of different types of cells.
• There are cells that are organisms onto themselves, such as microscopic amoeba and bacteria cells.
• And there are cells that only function when part of a larger organism, such as the cells that make up your body.
• The cell is the smallest unit of life in our bodies.
• In the body, there are brain cells, skin cells, liver cells, stomach cells, etc
• All of these cells have unique functions and features. And all have some recognizable similarities.
• All cells have a 'skin', called the plasma membrane, protecting it from the outside environment.
• The cell membrane regulates the movement of water, nutrients and wastes into and out of the cell.
• Inside of the cell membrane are the working parts of the cell.
• At the center of the cell is the cell nucleus.
• The cell nucleus contains the cell's DNA, the genetic code that coordinates protein synthesis.
• In addition to the nucleus, there are many organelles inside of the cell - small structures that help carry out the day-
to-day operations of the cell.
• One important cellular organelle is the ribosome. Ribosomes participate in protein synthesis.
4
natomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96_anatomy_notes.doc@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!20211220022905_61bfea71c0d96
