301_final_exam_guide_2020
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PNP301 Final Exam Guide 2020
Interventions may be
WEEK 1: Nursing independent, collaborative, or
dependent upon a physician’s
Practice inCanada & order
Drug Therapy Adhere
administration
to safe medication
standards and
practices
The 10 Rights of
Nursing Process Medication Administration (Lilley)
• research-based organizational Right drug
framework Right dose
Right time
• central to all nursing care Right route
• Encompasses all steps taken by the Right patient
nurse in caring for a patient Right reason
• Uses a flexible, adaptable, and Right documentation
adjustable process to develop effective Right evaluation (assessment)
solutions to meet patient needs Right patient education
• Involves critical thinking, knowledge, Right to refuse
andskill Another “Right”:
5 Phases of the Nursing Process Constant System Analysis
1. Assessment Ensures a “double-check”
2. Nursing diagnosis/ NANDA Includes the entire “system” of
3. Planning medication administration (ordering,
Goals dispensing, preparing, administering,
Outcome criteria documenting)
4. Implementation Involves the physician, nurse, nursing
5. Evaluation unit, and pharmacy department
Requires educating patients
Nursing Process: Assessment Other “Rights”
Assessment of patient and drug • Proper drug storage
Data collection • Accurate dosage calculation
Subjective • Accurate dosage preparation
Objective • Careful checking of transcription of orders
Medication profile • Patient safety
Prescriptions • Close consideration of special situations
Intake of alcohol, tobacco, • Prevention and reporting of
and caffeine medication errors
Over-the-counter drugs (OTCs) • Monitoring for therapeutic effects,
Natural health products adverse effects, toxic effects
Responses to 6 Elements of a Drug Order
medications 1. Patient's name
(therapeutic and 2. Date the order is written
adverse responses) 3. Name of medication
The Nursing Process: Planning 4. Dosage (includes size, frequency,
Based on NANDA/ nursing diagnosis and number of doses)
Identification of goals and outcome 5. Route of administration
criteria 6. Signature of the prescriber
Must be specific and Components of a Prescription
measurable(SMART) Patient’s name, address, health insurance
Must be patient-centred number (or identification number)
Time frame Date prescription was written
Prioritization The Rx symbol, meaning “take thou”
The Nursing Process: Medication name, dosage, and strength
Implementation Route of administration
Initiate and complete the collaborative
plan of care as defined by the nursing
diagnoses and outcome criteria
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020 (1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
,301_final_exam_guide_2020
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PNP301 Final Exam Guide 2020
Dispensing instructions for the pharmacist drug’s chemical composition and molecular
Directions for administration to be structure
given to the patient Generic name (nonproprietary name)
Number of refills approved by Health Canada under the
Signature of the prescriber Foodand Drugs Act and Food and Drug
Regulations
Trade name (proprietary name)
registered trademark and its use is
restricted by the patent owner (usually
themanufacturer)
Drug Categories
• Over the Counter (OTC)
• Drug that can be purchased
without a prescription in which
theconsumer can diagnose,
treat, and evaluate; includes
natural health care products
• Prescription
• Drug that requires a
prescription to dispense; health
care practitioner prescribes and
dispensed by pharmacy
• Controlled Substances
• Prescribed medication that has
abuse potential; includes
narcotics, amphetamines,
medical marijuana,
benzodiazepines, etc; lists illicit
drugs that have risk of abuse
• Pharmacological Principles
Pharmacokinetics- the movement of
drugswithin the body
Pharmacodynamics-mechanism of
Who Can order?
interactions of drugs at their sites of activity
Controlled Act Who can order?
Pharmacotherapeutics-The use of drugs
Dispensing a drug Physicians, NP, andthe clinical indications for
Dentist administering
Performing a Physician , NP, drugs to prevent and treat diseases
procedure below Dentist, Midwife,
Toxicity
thedermis or Chiropodist
mucous Pharmaceutics
membrane The study of how various dosage
Physician , NP, forms influence pharmacokinetic
Administering a
and pharmacodynamic activities
substance by Dentist, Midwife,
Dosage form design
injection/ inhalation Chiropodist
affectsdissolution
Putting an Physician, NP, Pharmacokinetics
instrument, hand or Midwife The study of what the body does to
finger into a the drug
specified opening of Absorption
the body Distribution
Drug Metabolism
Any chemical that affects the Excretion
physiologicalprocesses of a living Pharmacokinetics (cont.)
organism Absorption
Pharmacology Bioavailability
The study or science of drugs
Drug Names
Chemical name
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020 (1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
,301_final_exam_guide_2020
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PNP301 Final Exam Guide 2020
First-pass effect Avoidance of first-pass effects
Routes: A drug’s route of (except for rectally administered drugs)
administration affects the rate and Topical Application
extent of absorption of that drug Transdermal (adhesive drug patches)
Enteral route deliver constant amount of drug
Sublingual and buccal per unit of time for a specified
time
routes period
Parenteral route: Inhalation
intradermally, delivered as micrometre-sized
drug
subcutaneously, particles
intravenously, absorbed quickly through the
intramuscularly, alveoli
intrathecally, intra- Factors That Affect Absorption
articularly, intra-arterially. movement of a drug
from
Topical route its site of administration
Transdermal route into the bloodstream for
Inhalation route distribution to the
Enteral Route tissues
vary according to the dosage form and
The drug is absorbed into the route
systemic circulation through the Food or fluids administered with
mucosa of the
stomach, small intestine, or large intestine the drug
Oral Dosage formulation
Sublingual Status of the absorptive
Buccal surface Rate of blood flow to
the small
Rectal (can also be topical) intestine
Parenteral Route pH of the stomach
Intravenous (fastest delivery into the blood GI motility
circulation) Biovailability and Bioequivalence
Intramuscular Bioavailability is a measurement of the
rate
Subcutaneous and extent to which a drug reaches the
Intradermal systemic circulation
Intra-arterial Absolute bioavailability compares
the
Intrathecal- through the theca of the spinal bioavailability of the active drug after
non-
cord (spinal canal) into the subarachnoid IV routes(oral, rectal, transdermal, SQ,
or
space and subdural space sublingual administration), with the
Intra-articular bioavailability of the same drug given
Parenteral Route (cont’d) intravenously.
Absorption from intramuscular (IM) or Bioequivalent pertains to a drug that
has
intradermal (ID) sites may be increased by: the same effect on the body as another
Applying heat to the injection site drug
Massaging the injection site First-Pass Effect
Most IM injected drugs absorbed The metabolism of a drug and its passage
over several hours from the liver into the circulation
IM Depot drugs are designed for slow A drug given via the oral route
may
absorption and may be absorbed over a be extensively metabolized
by the
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020 (1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
,301_final_exam_guide_2020
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PNP301 Final Exam Guide 2020
period of several days to a few months or liver before reaching the
systemic
longer circulation (high first-pass effect)
Topical Route The same drug given parenterally
Skin (including transdermal patches) bypasses the liver, preventing
the
Eyes, Ears, Nose, Lungs (inhalation), first-pass effect from taking
place,
Rectum, Vagina and more drug reaches the
Slower onset circulation (ie Sublingual,
Prolonged duration Buccal,
IV)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020 (1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PNP301 Final Exam Guide 2020
Interventions may be
WEEK 1: Nursing independent, collaborative, or
dependent upon a physician’s
Practice inCanada & order
Drug Therapy Adhere
administration
to safe medication
standards and
practices
The 10 Rights of
Nursing Process Medication Administration (Lilley)
• research-based organizational Right drug
framework Right dose
Right time
• central to all nursing care Right route
• Encompasses all steps taken by the Right patient
nurse in caring for a patient Right reason
• Uses a flexible, adaptable, and Right documentation
adjustable process to develop effective Right evaluation (assessment)
solutions to meet patient needs Right patient education
• Involves critical thinking, knowledge, Right to refuse
andskill Another “Right”:
5 Phases of the Nursing Process Constant System Analysis
1. Assessment Ensures a “double-check”
2. Nursing diagnosis/ NANDA Includes the entire “system” of
3. Planning medication administration (ordering,
Goals dispensing, preparing, administering,
Outcome criteria documenting)
4. Implementation Involves the physician, nurse, nursing
5. Evaluation unit, and pharmacy department
Requires educating patients
Nursing Process: Assessment Other “Rights”
Assessment of patient and drug • Proper drug storage
Data collection • Accurate dosage calculation
Subjective • Accurate dosage preparation
Objective • Careful checking of transcription of orders
Medication profile • Patient safety
Prescriptions • Close consideration of special situations
Intake of alcohol, tobacco, • Prevention and reporting of
and caffeine medication errors
Over-the-counter drugs (OTCs) • Monitoring for therapeutic effects,
Natural health products adverse effects, toxic effects
Responses to 6 Elements of a Drug Order
medications 1. Patient's name
(therapeutic and 2. Date the order is written
adverse responses) 3. Name of medication
The Nursing Process: Planning 4. Dosage (includes size, frequency,
Based on NANDA/ nursing diagnosis and number of doses)
Identification of goals and outcome 5. Route of administration
criteria 6. Signature of the prescriber
Must be specific and Components of a Prescription
measurable(SMART) Patient’s name, address, health insurance
Must be patient-centred number (or identification number)
Time frame Date prescription was written
Prioritization The Rx symbol, meaning “take thou”
The Nursing Process: Medication name, dosage, and strength
Implementation Route of administration
Initiate and complete the collaborative
plan of care as defined by the nursing
diagnoses and outcome criteria
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020 (1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
,301_final_exam_guide_2020
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PNP301 Final Exam Guide 2020
Dispensing instructions for the pharmacist drug’s chemical composition and molecular
Directions for administration to be structure
given to the patient Generic name (nonproprietary name)
Number of refills approved by Health Canada under the
Signature of the prescriber Foodand Drugs Act and Food and Drug
Regulations
Trade name (proprietary name)
registered trademark and its use is
restricted by the patent owner (usually
themanufacturer)
Drug Categories
• Over the Counter (OTC)
• Drug that can be purchased
without a prescription in which
theconsumer can diagnose,
treat, and evaluate; includes
natural health care products
• Prescription
• Drug that requires a
prescription to dispense; health
care practitioner prescribes and
dispensed by pharmacy
• Controlled Substances
• Prescribed medication that has
abuse potential; includes
narcotics, amphetamines,
medical marijuana,
benzodiazepines, etc; lists illicit
drugs that have risk of abuse
• Pharmacological Principles
Pharmacokinetics- the movement of
drugswithin the body
Pharmacodynamics-mechanism of
Who Can order?
interactions of drugs at their sites of activity
Controlled Act Who can order?
Pharmacotherapeutics-The use of drugs
Dispensing a drug Physicians, NP, andthe clinical indications for
Dentist administering
Performing a Physician , NP, drugs to prevent and treat diseases
procedure below Dentist, Midwife,
Toxicity
thedermis or Chiropodist
mucous Pharmaceutics
membrane The study of how various dosage
Physician , NP, forms influence pharmacokinetic
Administering a
and pharmacodynamic activities
substance by Dentist, Midwife,
Dosage form design
injection/ inhalation Chiropodist
affectsdissolution
Putting an Physician, NP, Pharmacokinetics
instrument, hand or Midwife The study of what the body does to
finger into a the drug
specified opening of Absorption
the body Distribution
Drug Metabolism
Any chemical that affects the Excretion
physiologicalprocesses of a living Pharmacokinetics (cont.)
organism Absorption
Pharmacology Bioavailability
The study or science of drugs
Drug Names
Chemical name
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020 (1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
,301_final_exam_guide_2020
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PNP301 Final Exam Guide 2020
First-pass effect Avoidance of first-pass effects
Routes: A drug’s route of (except for rectally administered drugs)
administration affects the rate and Topical Application
extent of absorption of that drug Transdermal (adhesive drug patches)
Enteral route deliver constant amount of drug
Sublingual and buccal per unit of time for a specified
time
routes period
Parenteral route: Inhalation
intradermally, delivered as micrometre-sized
drug
subcutaneously, particles
intravenously, absorbed quickly through the
intramuscularly, alveoli
intrathecally, intra- Factors That Affect Absorption
articularly, intra-arterially. movement of a drug
from
Topical route its site of administration
Transdermal route into the bloodstream for
Inhalation route distribution to the
Enteral Route tissues
vary according to the dosage form and
The drug is absorbed into the route
systemic circulation through the Food or fluids administered with
mucosa of the
stomach, small intestine, or large intestine the drug
Oral Dosage formulation
Sublingual Status of the absorptive
Buccal surface Rate of blood flow to
the small
Rectal (can also be topical) intestine
Parenteral Route pH of the stomach
Intravenous (fastest delivery into the blood GI motility
circulation) Biovailability and Bioequivalence
Intramuscular Bioavailability is a measurement of the
rate
Subcutaneous and extent to which a drug reaches the
Intradermal systemic circulation
Intra-arterial Absolute bioavailability compares
the
Intrathecal- through the theca of the spinal bioavailability of the active drug after
non-
cord (spinal canal) into the subarachnoid IV routes(oral, rectal, transdermal, SQ,
or
space and subdural space sublingual administration), with the
Intra-articular bioavailability of the same drug given
Parenteral Route (cont’d) intravenously.
Absorption from intramuscular (IM) or Bioequivalent pertains to a drug that
has
intradermal (ID) sites may be increased by: the same effect on the body as another
Applying heat to the injection site drug
Massaging the injection site First-Pass Effect
Most IM injected drugs absorbed The metabolism of a drug and its passage
over several hours from the liver into the circulation
IM Depot drugs are designed for slow A drug given via the oral route
may
absorption and may be absorbed over a be extensively metabolized
by the
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020 (1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
,301_final_exam_guide_2020
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!
(1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PNP301 Final Exam Guide 2020
period of several days to a few months or liver before reaching the
systemic
longer circulation (high first-pass effect)
Topical Route The same drug given parenterally
Skin (including transdermal patches) bypasses the liver, preventing
the
Eyes, Ears, Nose, Lungs (inhalation), first-pass effect from taking
place,
Rectum, Vagina and more drug reaches the
Slower onset circulation (ie Sublingual,
Prolonged duration Buccal,
IV)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))))))))))(((((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))))))!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)!@!@@
20211130182309_61a66c0dc0c6b_pnp301_final_exam_guide_2020 (1).pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
