NURS 5315 EXAM 2 ACTUAL 2026/2027 | UTA
Advanced Pathophysiology Inflammation and
Immunity Review
SECTION 1: INFLAMMATION — CELLS AND MEDIATORS (Q1–30)
Q1. Scavenger receptors are primarily expressed on which cells?
A. Neutrophils
B. Macrophages
C. Lymphocytes
D. Eosinophils
Answer: B
Rationale: Scavenger receptors are primarily expressed on macrophages and facilitate
recognition and phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens.
Q2. Which receptor recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
A. Complement receptor
B. Toll-like receptor (TLR)
C. Scavenger receptor
D. Fc receptor
Answer: B
Rationale: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize PAMPs on epithelial, mast, neutrophil,
macrophage, dendritic, and lymphocyte cells.
Q3. Where are mast cells primarily located?
A. Bone marrow
B. Loose connective tissue close to blood vessels
C. Liver
D. Spleen
Answer: B
Rationale: Mast cells are located in loose connective tissue close to blood vessels.
Q4. Which of the following activates mast cells?
A. Physical injury
B. Chemical agents (toxins, bee venom, snake bites)
C. Immunologic means
D. All of the above
,Answer: D
Rationale: Mast cells are activated by physical injury, chemical agents, immunologic means, and
inflammatory responses.
Q5. What is the primary effect of histamine released from mast cells?
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Vasodilation
C. Bronchoconstriction
D. Decreased vascular permeability
Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells causes vasodilation.
Q6. Which cells are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Neutrophils
C. Macrophages
D. Eosinophils
Answer: B
Rationale: Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation, arriving before
lymphocytes and macrophages.
Q7. Which cells are the largest blood cells and become macrophages in tissues?
A. Neutrophils
B. Monocytes
C. Lymphocytes
D. Eosinophils
Answer: B
Rationale: Monocytes are the largest blood cells and become macrophages in tissues.
Q8. What are leukotrienes?
A. Acidic sulfur-containing lipids
B. Proteins
C. Carbohydrates
D. Nucleic acids
Answer: A
Rationale: Leukotrienes are acidic sulfur-containing lipids that produce effects similar to
histamine.
,Q9. Which mediator causes pain during inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Prostaglandins
C. Leukotrienes
D. Interferons
Answer: B
Rationale: Prostaglandins cause increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, and pain.
Q10. What are interleukins?
A. Biochemical messengers produced by macrophages and lymphocytes
B. Antibodies
C. Hormones
D. Enzymes
Answer: A
Rationale: Interleukins are biochemical messengers produced by macrophages and
lymphocytes in response to bacterial pathogens.
Q11. What is the primary function of interferons?
A. Protect against viral infections
B. Protect against bacterial infections
C. Cause vasodilation
D. Cause pain
Answer: A
Rationale: Interferons primarily protect against viral infections.
Q12. What is the function of chemokines?
A. Induce leukocyte chemotaxis
B. Cause vasodilation
C. Cause pain
D. Protect against viruses
Answer: A
Rationale: Chemokines induce leukocyte chemotaxis.
Q13. Which cells are involved in chronic inflammation?
A. Neutrophils
B. Lymphocytes and macrophages
C. Eosinophils
D. Basophils
, Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation is characterized by a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and
macrophages.
Q14. What are giant cells?
A. Multinucleated cells formed by fused macrophages
B. Large lymphocytes
C. Large neutrophils
D. Large eosinophils
Answer: A
Rationale: Giant cells are multinucleated cells formed by fused macrophages during granuloma
formation.
Q15. What is the first step in the inflammatory process?
A. Activation of coagulation cascade
B. Mast cell degranulation
C. Activation of kinin cascade
D. Release of chemotactic factors
Answer: B
Rationale: The first step is mast cell degranulation, releasing histamine, cytokines, leukotrienes,
platelet-activating factor, and prostaglandins.
Q16. What does Factor XII (Hageman factor) activate?
A. Kinin system
B. Complement system
C. Coagulation cascade
D. All of the above
Answer: D
Rationale: Factor XII activates the kinin system, coagulation cascade, and complement system.
Q17. What is the function of bradykinin?
A. Causes pain, chemotaxis, increased vascular permeability, and vasodilation
B. Causes vasoconstriction
C. Decreases vascular permeability
D. Inhibits chemotaxis
Answer: A
Rationale: Bradykinin causes pain, chemotaxis, increased vascular permeability, and
vasodilation.
Advanced Pathophysiology Inflammation and
Immunity Review
SECTION 1: INFLAMMATION — CELLS AND MEDIATORS (Q1–30)
Q1. Scavenger receptors are primarily expressed on which cells?
A. Neutrophils
B. Macrophages
C. Lymphocytes
D. Eosinophils
Answer: B
Rationale: Scavenger receptors are primarily expressed on macrophages and facilitate
recognition and phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens.
Q2. Which receptor recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
A. Complement receptor
B. Toll-like receptor (TLR)
C. Scavenger receptor
D. Fc receptor
Answer: B
Rationale: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize PAMPs on epithelial, mast, neutrophil,
macrophage, dendritic, and lymphocyte cells.
Q3. Where are mast cells primarily located?
A. Bone marrow
B. Loose connective tissue close to blood vessels
C. Liver
D. Spleen
Answer: B
Rationale: Mast cells are located in loose connective tissue close to blood vessels.
Q4. Which of the following activates mast cells?
A. Physical injury
B. Chemical agents (toxins, bee venom, snake bites)
C. Immunologic means
D. All of the above
,Answer: D
Rationale: Mast cells are activated by physical injury, chemical agents, immunologic means, and
inflammatory responses.
Q5. What is the primary effect of histamine released from mast cells?
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Vasodilation
C. Bronchoconstriction
D. Decreased vascular permeability
Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells causes vasodilation.
Q6. Which cells are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Neutrophils
C. Macrophages
D. Eosinophils
Answer: B
Rationale: Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation, arriving before
lymphocytes and macrophages.
Q7. Which cells are the largest blood cells and become macrophages in tissues?
A. Neutrophils
B. Monocytes
C. Lymphocytes
D. Eosinophils
Answer: B
Rationale: Monocytes are the largest blood cells and become macrophages in tissues.
Q8. What are leukotrienes?
A. Acidic sulfur-containing lipids
B. Proteins
C. Carbohydrates
D. Nucleic acids
Answer: A
Rationale: Leukotrienes are acidic sulfur-containing lipids that produce effects similar to
histamine.
,Q9. Which mediator causes pain during inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Prostaglandins
C. Leukotrienes
D. Interferons
Answer: B
Rationale: Prostaglandins cause increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, and pain.
Q10. What are interleukins?
A. Biochemical messengers produced by macrophages and lymphocytes
B. Antibodies
C. Hormones
D. Enzymes
Answer: A
Rationale: Interleukins are biochemical messengers produced by macrophages and
lymphocytes in response to bacterial pathogens.
Q11. What is the primary function of interferons?
A. Protect against viral infections
B. Protect against bacterial infections
C. Cause vasodilation
D. Cause pain
Answer: A
Rationale: Interferons primarily protect against viral infections.
Q12. What is the function of chemokines?
A. Induce leukocyte chemotaxis
B. Cause vasodilation
C. Cause pain
D. Protect against viruses
Answer: A
Rationale: Chemokines induce leukocyte chemotaxis.
Q13. Which cells are involved in chronic inflammation?
A. Neutrophils
B. Lymphocytes and macrophages
C. Eosinophils
D. Basophils
, Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation is characterized by a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and
macrophages.
Q14. What are giant cells?
A. Multinucleated cells formed by fused macrophages
B. Large lymphocytes
C. Large neutrophils
D. Large eosinophils
Answer: A
Rationale: Giant cells are multinucleated cells formed by fused macrophages during granuloma
formation.
Q15. What is the first step in the inflammatory process?
A. Activation of coagulation cascade
B. Mast cell degranulation
C. Activation of kinin cascade
D. Release of chemotactic factors
Answer: B
Rationale: The first step is mast cell degranulation, releasing histamine, cytokines, leukotrienes,
platelet-activating factor, and prostaglandins.
Q16. What does Factor XII (Hageman factor) activate?
A. Kinin system
B. Complement system
C. Coagulation cascade
D. All of the above
Answer: D
Rationale: Factor XII activates the kinin system, coagulation cascade, and complement system.
Q17. What is the function of bradykinin?
A. Causes pain, chemotaxis, increased vascular permeability, and vasodilation
B. Causes vasoconstriction
C. Decreases vascular permeability
D. Inhibits chemotaxis
Answer: A
Rationale: Bradykinin causes pain, chemotaxis, increased vascular permeability, and
vasodilation.
