NURS 5315 EXAM 1 ACTUAL 2026/2027 | Advanced
Pathophysiology Cellular and Genetics Review |
Verified
SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION (Q1–25)
Q1. Which type of cellular adaptation involves a decrease in cell size?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to reduced protein synthesis and increased
degradation. Cells remain functional but have reduced structural components.
Q2. Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased workload. Physiologic
example: skeletal muscle growth. Pathologic example: left ventricular hypertrophy from chronic
hypertension.
Q3. Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell number?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number through mitotic division. Physiologic
example: liver regeneration. Pathologic example: endometrial hyperplasia.
Q4. Which type of cellular adaptation involves replacement of one mature cell type with
another?
A. Atrophy
,B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another.
Classic example: chronic smoking causes replacement of ciliated columnar epithelium with
stratified squamous epithelium.
Q5. Which type of cellular adaptation is considered pre-cancerous?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and organization.
It is considered pre-cancerous.
Q6. Which type of cellular adaptation is a reversible replacement of one cell type with
another?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is reversible. Classic example: Barrett esophagus (squamous to
columnar).
Q7. Which type of cellular adaptation is an increase in cell size due to increased workload?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased workload.
Q8. Which type of cellular adaptation is a decrease in cell size due to disuse?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
, C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Disuse atrophy occurs from prolonged bed rest or immobilization.
Q9. Which type of cellular adaptation is an increase in cell number through mitotic division?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number through mitotic division.
Q10. Which type of cellular adaptation is characterized by pleomorphism and hyperchromatic
nuclei?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Dysplasia is characterized by pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, and disordered
arrangement.
Q11. Which type of cellular adaptation is a physiologic example of thymus gland involution?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Thymus gland involution in childhood is a physiologic example of atrophy.
Q12. Which type of cellular adaptation is a physiologic example of uterine enlargement during
pregnancy?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Pathophysiology Cellular and Genetics Review |
Verified
SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION (Q1–25)
Q1. Which type of cellular adaptation involves a decrease in cell size?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to reduced protein synthesis and increased
degradation. Cells remain functional but have reduced structural components.
Q2. Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased workload. Physiologic
example: skeletal muscle growth. Pathologic example: left ventricular hypertrophy from chronic
hypertension.
Q3. Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell number?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number through mitotic division. Physiologic
example: liver regeneration. Pathologic example: endometrial hyperplasia.
Q4. Which type of cellular adaptation involves replacement of one mature cell type with
another?
A. Atrophy
,B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another.
Classic example: chronic smoking causes replacement of ciliated columnar epithelium with
stratified squamous epithelium.
Q5. Which type of cellular adaptation is considered pre-cancerous?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and organization.
It is considered pre-cancerous.
Q6. Which type of cellular adaptation is a reversible replacement of one cell type with
another?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is reversible. Classic example: Barrett esophagus (squamous to
columnar).
Q7. Which type of cellular adaptation is an increase in cell size due to increased workload?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased workload.
Q8. Which type of cellular adaptation is a decrease in cell size due to disuse?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
, C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Disuse atrophy occurs from prolonged bed rest or immobilization.
Q9. Which type of cellular adaptation is an increase in cell number through mitotic division?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number through mitotic division.
Q10. Which type of cellular adaptation is characterized by pleomorphism and hyperchromatic
nuclei?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Dysplasia is characterized by pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, and disordered
arrangement.
Q11. Which type of cellular adaptation is a physiologic example of thymus gland involution?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Thymus gland involution in childhood is a physiologic example of atrophy.
Q12. Which type of cellular adaptation is a physiologic example of uterine enlargement during
pregnancy?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
