Page |1
MMSC 428 Exam 1 Questions and Correct
Answers/ Latest Update / Already Graded
infectious diseases and public health
Ans: -being able to treat infectious diseases w/ use of
antibiotics is relatively new still (only since the 1940s)
-overuse of antibiotics has lead to new challenges of antibiotic
resistance
-infectious diseases are a threat to heath worldwide (AIDS, Tb,
Malaria still cause a lot of morbidity and mortality)
-communicable diseases have high death rates in developing
countries due to lack of preventative care, treatment and
sanitation
-infectious diseases are less prominent causes of death in
developed countries, but still a threat to all ages
endemic
Ans: a disease that is constantly present in a population
-e.g. malaria in many African countries
epidemic
Ans: a disease which is present in higher number of cases than
predicted using past data
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
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-e.g. influenza epidemics
pandemic
Ans: a disease that spreads to > 2 contients / spreads around
the world
-e.g. 2019 coronavirus
emerging infectious disease (EID)
Ans: an infection whose incidence has increased in the last 35
years and could increase in the near future
-newly identified human pathogen associated w/ new disease
(ebola and AIDS "jumped" from animal disease to infecting
humans in Africa)
-old pathogen w/ new flair (group A strep mainly caused strep
throat until it began causing necrotizing fasciitis in 1970's)
-increased incidence / geographic location of infectious agent
(west nile and zika viruses both only seen in Africa at first then
spread to Europe, then to U.S.)
-human pathogen recently associated with existing disease
(gastric ulcers were thought to be caused by stress until proven
through Koch's postulates to be caused by H. pylori)
emerging pathogen
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
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Ans: pathogen (disease causing agent) that is newly recognized
outbreak
Ans: occurrence of an infection that is in numbers exceeding
normal and expected numbers
-may occur due to ecologic, climate change, human
demographic, shipping/ commerce related or public health
infrastructure related causes
-may be due to adaptability of MOs themselves
ecologic changes and EIDs
Ans: -agricultural development: forests are cleared to make
room for new crops and give humans contact w/ infectious
agents, vectors and zoonoses that couldn't be seen otherwise
-zoonoses become able to "jump" species
-deforestation: increases human exposure to vectors and
infectious diseases, increases sun to water making it breeding
ground for mosquito vectors
-reforestation: increases populations of disease reservoirs
(animals), leading to increased infection of humans
climate change and EIDs
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |4
Ans: -warmer climates leads to increased vector populations
that survive longer and move farther north leading to increased
contact w/ humans
-greater incidence of disease transmission
human demographics and EIDs
Ans: -urbanization: mega-cities w/ over crowing lead to easier
human to human transmission of disease
-in cities garbage and human waste increase, sanitation
diseases, vectors increase
-travel: travelers carry diseases with them , international travel
is more common and causes increase concern of diseases being
brought around the world
shipping and commerce and EIDs
Ans: -vectors or microorganisms themself can be shipped
worldwide
-transporting vectors: tiger mosquito is vector for many
diseases (dengue fever, yellow fever, etc.) and is brought place
to place accidentally very easily by transporting its eggs
-transporting microorganisms:
-Vibrio cholerae (causes cholera) is grown in ocean water and
has been transported in tankers from southeast Asia to the US
leading to infection of sea life that is consumed by humans
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
MMSC 428 Exam 1 Questions and Correct
Answers/ Latest Update / Already Graded
infectious diseases and public health
Ans: -being able to treat infectious diseases w/ use of
antibiotics is relatively new still (only since the 1940s)
-overuse of antibiotics has lead to new challenges of antibiotic
resistance
-infectious diseases are a threat to heath worldwide (AIDS, Tb,
Malaria still cause a lot of morbidity and mortality)
-communicable diseases have high death rates in developing
countries due to lack of preventative care, treatment and
sanitation
-infectious diseases are less prominent causes of death in
developed countries, but still a threat to all ages
endemic
Ans: a disease that is constantly present in a population
-e.g. malaria in many African countries
epidemic
Ans: a disease which is present in higher number of cases than
predicted using past data
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |2
-e.g. influenza epidemics
pandemic
Ans: a disease that spreads to > 2 contients / spreads around
the world
-e.g. 2019 coronavirus
emerging infectious disease (EID)
Ans: an infection whose incidence has increased in the last 35
years and could increase in the near future
-newly identified human pathogen associated w/ new disease
(ebola and AIDS "jumped" from animal disease to infecting
humans in Africa)
-old pathogen w/ new flair (group A strep mainly caused strep
throat until it began causing necrotizing fasciitis in 1970's)
-increased incidence / geographic location of infectious agent
(west nile and zika viruses both only seen in Africa at first then
spread to Europe, then to U.S.)
-human pathogen recently associated with existing disease
(gastric ulcers were thought to be caused by stress until proven
through Koch's postulates to be caused by H. pylori)
emerging pathogen
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |3
Ans: pathogen (disease causing agent) that is newly recognized
outbreak
Ans: occurrence of an infection that is in numbers exceeding
normal and expected numbers
-may occur due to ecologic, climate change, human
demographic, shipping/ commerce related or public health
infrastructure related causes
-may be due to adaptability of MOs themselves
ecologic changes and EIDs
Ans: -agricultural development: forests are cleared to make
room for new crops and give humans contact w/ infectious
agents, vectors and zoonoses that couldn't be seen otherwise
-zoonoses become able to "jump" species
-deforestation: increases human exposure to vectors and
infectious diseases, increases sun to water making it breeding
ground for mosquito vectors
-reforestation: increases populations of disease reservoirs
(animals), leading to increased infection of humans
climate change and EIDs
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |4
Ans: -warmer climates leads to increased vector populations
that survive longer and move farther north leading to increased
contact w/ humans
-greater incidence of disease transmission
human demographics and EIDs
Ans: -urbanization: mega-cities w/ over crowing lead to easier
human to human transmission of disease
-in cities garbage and human waste increase, sanitation
diseases, vectors increase
-travel: travelers carry diseases with them , international travel
is more common and causes increase concern of diseases being
brought around the world
shipping and commerce and EIDs
Ans: -vectors or microorganisms themself can be shipped
worldwide
-transporting vectors: tiger mosquito is vector for many
diseases (dengue fever, yellow fever, etc.) and is brought place
to place accidentally very easily by transporting its eggs
-transporting microorganisms:
-Vibrio cholerae (causes cholera) is grown in ocean water and
has been transported in tankers from southeast Asia to the US
leading to infection of sea life that is consumed by humans
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
