NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm | Questions with 100% Verified Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027

NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm | Questions
with 100% Verified Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: Asthma
Answer: Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response
in
the bronchioles

Question: What are 5 s/s of asthma
Answer: coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness

Question: Pathophysiology of asthma (5)
Answer: -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation

Question: Bronchioles
Answer: smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli

Question: 3 layers of the bronchioles
Answer: innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer

Question: lamina propria
Answer: the middle layer of the bronchioles

Question: structure of the lamina propria
Answer: embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells

Question: purpose of the lamina propria
Answer: white blood cells are present to help protect the airways

Question: How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to
asthma
Answer: the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response
that
damages host tissue

,Question: What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain
Answer: columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells

Question: What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain
Answer: smooth muscle cells

Question: what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do
Answer: control the airways ability to constrict and dilate

Question: alveolar hyperinflation
Answer: When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls
collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside

Question: how does hyperinflation occur?
Answer: the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the
bronchial walls collapse around

Question: Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar
Answer: -expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis

Question: What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma
Answer: tiotropium and ipratropium

Question: What do anticholinergics do in the lungs?
Answer: These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation

Question: MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma
Answer: the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine
which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial
constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction

Question: bronchitis
Answer: inflammation of the bronchial tubes

Question: 3 characteristics of bronchitis
Answer: bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years

, Question: Perfusion
Answer: The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body
as
a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.

Question: results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion
Answer: cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia

Question: Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis
Answer: there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange

Question: Right to left shunting
Answer: when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the left ventricle
without perfusion

Question: Causes of bronchitis
Answer: -long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)

Question: Pathogenesis of bronchitis
Answer: -Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina
propria

Question: most common irritant with bronchitis is?
Answer: tobacco product smoke

Question: what does long term exposure to irritants promote in
bronchitis? (5)
Answer: - smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane

Question: What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs?
Answer: causes increased bronchoconstriction

Question: Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the
bronchials
Answer: promotes hypersecretion of mucus