Nagelhout Pharmacology Exam 1 Questions and Answers 2026 |
Pharmacology Exam Prep & Nursing Study Guide
Pharmacologyx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅Thexstudyxofxthexeffectxofxchemicalsxonxlivingxtissue
Pharmacokineticsx-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅Thexstudyxofxthexabsorption,xdistribution,xmetabolism,xandxexcretionxofxdrugsx(A
DME)
Pharmaceuticsx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexformulationxandxpreparationxofxdrugsx(form,xdosing,xetc)
Pharmacoeconomicsx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅Thexstudyxofxthexeconomicximpactxofxdrugs
Toxicologyx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexstudyxofxthexharmfulxeffectsxofxchemicals
Pharmacognosyx-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexstudyxofxthexmedicinalxusesxofxnaturallyxoccurringxcompoundsx(botox,xdigital
is,xephedrine)
Pharmacyx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexpreparationxandxdispensingxofxdrugs
Pharmacogeneticsx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅geneticxinfluencesxbyxandxonxdrugs
Pharmacodynamicsx-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅physiologicalxandxbiochemicalxmechanismxofxactionxofxdrugs
Pharmacogenomicsx-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅identifiesxdiscretexgeneticxdifferencesxamongxindividualsxthatxplayxaxcriticalxrolexi
nxdrugxresponse
Pharmacoepidemiologyx-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexstudyxofxthexusexandxeffectsxofxdrugsxonxlargexgroupsxofxpeople
,Ligandx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅axchemicalxsubstancexthatxbindsxtoxaxspecificxreceptor
Whatxtwoxtypesxofxligandsxarexthere?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅agonistsxandxantagonists
Whatxdoesxanxagonistxdo?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅bindsxtoxaxreceptorxandxSTIMULATESxthexfunctionxthatxreceptorxserves
Whatxdoesxanxantagonistxdo?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅bindsxtoxaxreceptorxandxBLOCKSxthexfunctionxthatxreceptorxserves
Whatxisxcompetitivexbinding?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅reversiblex(mostxdrugs)
WhatxisxNONcompetitivexbinding?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅NONreversiblex(drugxneverxletsxgo)
What'sxanxexamplexofxaxnoncompetitivexdrugxbinding?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅ASAxbindingxtoxaxplatelet
Whatxisxthexeffectivexdosexinx50%xofxthexpopulationxofxaxdrug?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅ED50
Whatxisxthextoxicxdosexinx50%xofxthexpopulation?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅TD50
Whatxisxthexlethalxdosexinx50%xofxthexpopulation?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅LD50
Whatxratioxdescribesxthextherapeuticxindex?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅LD50/ED50x(lethalxdose/effectivexdose)
Whatxisxthextherapeuticxwindow?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅anxestimationxofxdrugxdosagexwhichxcanxtreatxdiseasexeffectively,xwhilexstayingx
withinxthexsafetyxrange
, Whatxelsexcanxdescribexthextherapeuticxwindow?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅TD50/ED50x(toxicxdose/effectivexdose)
Namexthexcommonxchemicalxbondsxinxorderxofxstrongestxtoxweakestx-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅Covalent>Ionic>Hydrogen>Hydrophobic>VanxderxWaals
Whatxarexthexfourxthingsxthatxaxdosexresponsexcurvexcanxtellxyou?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅affinityx(potency),xefficacy,xvariability,xandxslopex(VASE)
Whatxtermxcanxbexdescribedxbyxthexcontinuedxstimulationxofxcellsxwithxagonistsxresultingxinxaxstatexofx
desensitization?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅down-regulationxorxrefractoriness
Whatxwouldxyouxdoxtoxtreatxdown-regulation?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexpatientxwouldxneedxincreasingxdosesxtoxachievexthexsamexeffect
Whatxhappensxwhenxchronicxadministrationxofxanxantagonistsxcausesxthexnumberxandxsensitivityxofxrec
eptorsxtoxincreasexasxaxresponsextoxchronicxblockade?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅up-regulation
Whatxwouldxneedxtoxbexdonexinxup-regulationxtoxcounteractxthexincreasingxnumberxofxreceptors?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅higherxdosesxofxantagonistxrequired
Whatxisxbioavailability?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexpercentagexofxaxdrugxcontainedxinxaxdrugxproductxthatxentersxthexsystemicxc
irculationxinxanxunchangedxformxafterxadministrationxofxthexproduct
Whatxisxthexalterationxinxthextherapeuticxactionxofxaxdrugxbyxconcurrentxadministrationxofxotherxexoge
nousxchemicals?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅interaction
Thexcombinedxeffectxofxtwoxdrugsxactingxviaxthexsamexmechanismxisxequalxtoxthatxexpectedxbyxsimplex
additionxofxtheirxindividualxactions=x?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅addition
Pharmacology Exam Prep & Nursing Study Guide
Pharmacologyx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅Thexstudyxofxthexeffectxofxchemicalsxonxlivingxtissue
Pharmacokineticsx-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅Thexstudyxofxthexabsorption,xdistribution,xmetabolism,xandxexcretionxofxdrugsx(A
DME)
Pharmaceuticsx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexformulationxandxpreparationxofxdrugsx(form,xdosing,xetc)
Pharmacoeconomicsx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅Thexstudyxofxthexeconomicximpactxofxdrugs
Toxicologyx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexstudyxofxthexharmfulxeffectsxofxchemicals
Pharmacognosyx-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexstudyxofxthexmedicinalxusesxofxnaturallyxoccurringxcompoundsx(botox,xdigital
is,xephedrine)
Pharmacyx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexpreparationxandxdispensingxofxdrugs
Pharmacogeneticsx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅geneticxinfluencesxbyxandxonxdrugs
Pharmacodynamicsx-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅physiologicalxandxbiochemicalxmechanismxofxactionxofxdrugs
Pharmacogenomicsx-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅identifiesxdiscretexgeneticxdifferencesxamongxindividualsxthatxplayxaxcriticalxrolexi
nxdrugxresponse
Pharmacoepidemiologyx-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexstudyxofxthexusexandxeffectsxofxdrugsxonxlargexgroupsxofxpeople
,Ligandx-xcorrectxanswerx ✅axchemicalxsubstancexthatxbindsxtoxaxspecificxreceptor
Whatxtwoxtypesxofxligandsxarexthere?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅agonistsxandxantagonists
Whatxdoesxanxagonistxdo?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅bindsxtoxaxreceptorxandxSTIMULATESxthexfunctionxthatxreceptorxserves
Whatxdoesxanxantagonistxdo?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅bindsxtoxaxreceptorxandxBLOCKSxthexfunctionxthatxreceptorxserves
Whatxisxcompetitivexbinding?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅reversiblex(mostxdrugs)
WhatxisxNONcompetitivexbinding?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅NONreversiblex(drugxneverxletsxgo)
What'sxanxexamplexofxaxnoncompetitivexdrugxbinding?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅ASAxbindingxtoxaxplatelet
Whatxisxthexeffectivexdosexinx50%xofxthexpopulationxofxaxdrug?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅ED50
Whatxisxthextoxicxdosexinx50%xofxthexpopulation?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅TD50
Whatxisxthexlethalxdosexinx50%xofxthexpopulation?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅LD50
Whatxratioxdescribesxthextherapeuticxindex?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅LD50/ED50x(lethalxdose/effectivexdose)
Whatxisxthextherapeuticxwindow?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅anxestimationxofxdrugxdosagexwhichxcanxtreatxdiseasexeffectively,xwhilexstayingx
withinxthexsafetyxrange
, Whatxelsexcanxdescribexthextherapeuticxwindow?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅TD50/ED50x(toxicxdose/effectivexdose)
Namexthexcommonxchemicalxbondsxinxorderxofxstrongestxtoxweakestx-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅Covalent>Ionic>Hydrogen>Hydrophobic>VanxderxWaals
Whatxarexthexfourxthingsxthatxaxdosexresponsexcurvexcanxtellxyou?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅affinityx(potency),xefficacy,xvariability,xandxslopex(VASE)
Whatxtermxcanxbexdescribedxbyxthexcontinuedxstimulationxofxcellsxwithxagonistsxresultingxinxaxstatexofx
desensitization?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅down-regulationxorxrefractoriness
Whatxwouldxyouxdoxtoxtreatxdown-regulation?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexpatientxwouldxneedxincreasingxdosesxtoxachievexthexsamexeffect
Whatxhappensxwhenxchronicxadministrationxofxanxantagonistsxcausesxthexnumberxandxsensitivityxofxrec
eptorsxtoxincreasexasxaxresponsextoxchronicxblockade?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅up-regulation
Whatxwouldxneedxtoxbexdonexinxup-regulationxtoxcounteractxthexincreasingxnumberxofxreceptors?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅higherxdosesxofxantagonistxrequired
Whatxisxbioavailability?x-
xcorrectxanswerx ✅thexpercentagexofxaxdrugxcontainedxinxaxdrugxproductxthatxentersxthexsystemicxc
irculationxinxanxunchangedxformxafterxadministrationxofxthexproduct
Whatxisxthexalterationxinxthextherapeuticxactionxofxaxdrugxbyxconcurrentxadministrationxofxotherxexoge
nousxchemicals?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅interaction
Thexcombinedxeffectxofxtwoxdrugsxactingxviaxthexsamexmechanismxisxequalxtoxthatxexpectedxbyxsimplex
additionxofxtheirxindividualxactions=x?x-xcorrectxanswerx ✅addition
