PALS.1 | Questions with 100% Verified Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027

PALS.1 | Questions with 100% Verified Answers | Latest
Update 2026/2027
Question: Conditions that [blank] air resistance lead to increased
respiratory [blank].
Answer: Increased
Effort

Question: What are the signs of increased respiratory effort that can
lead to fatigue & respiratory failure?
Answer: Nasal flaring
Retractions
Head bobbing
Seesaw respirations

Question: Determine the respiratory rate by counting the number of
times the chest rises in [blank] seconds & multiplying by
[blank].
Answer: 30
2

Question: Tachypnea is often the first sign of respiratory [blank] in
infants.
Answer: Distress

Question: What do central chemoreceptors respond to?
Answer: Hydrogen ions in the cerebrospinal fluid

Question: Why may excessive ventilation during CPR be harmful?
Answer: It impedes venous return
It increases intrathoracic pressure

Question: What should you do if you cannot achieve effective ventilation
with a bag-mask device?
Answer: Reposition the airway
Verify the mask size

Question: How are effective oxygenation & ventilation assessed?
Answer: Oxygen saturation
Exhaled carbon dioxide
Visible chest rise w/ each breath

Question: How can gastric inflation impair bag-mask ventilation?
Answer: It decreases lung compliance

,Question: What is the most appropriate precautionary action to minimize
gastric inflation during a bag-mask ventilation?
Answer: Deliver each breath over about 1 second

Question: Which is true about the difference between hypoxemia &
tissue hypoxia?
Answer: Tissue hypoxia can occur with normal arterial oxygen saturation

Question: What does hyperventilation, which refers to increased alveolar
ventilation, result in?
Answer: PaCO2 less than 35 mm Hg

Question: What happens to the arterial oxygen level in a child w/ severe
anemia?
Answer: May increase when dissolved oxygen is increased

Question: Which is true of increased carbon dioxide tension in arterial
blood?
Answer: May be caused by disordered control of breathing

Question: What happens when ventilation is inadequate?
Answer: PaCO2 increases

Question: What is a critical symptom of hypercarbia?
Answer: Decreased level of consciousness

Question: Which of the following indicates mild respiratory distress?
Answer: Mild increase in respiratory effort

Question: Which of the following indicates severe respiratory distress?
Answer: Marked tachypnea &/or apnea

Question: Which of the following statements about respiratory failure is
true?
Answer: May occur w/o signs of respiratory distress

Question: Which is most likely to be present in a child who has
respiratory distress [not respiratory failure]?
Answer: Ability to maintain a patent airway

Question: What steps should be taken as part of initial management of a
child in respiratory distress?
Answer: Support an open airway
Monitor O2 saturation by pulse oximetry
Monitor heart rate, rhythm, & bp

, Question: Which are ideal characteristics of face masks for ventilation?
Answer: Covers mouth & nose
Has a soft rim
Transparent

Question: What is the rationale for using a transparent mask?
Answer: Allows you to see the color of the child's lips

Question: What is the function of the nonrebreathing outlet valve of a
self-inflating bag?
Answer: Prevents rebreathing of carbon dioxide

Question: Which of the following is required to appropriately ventilate a
child with a flow-inflating bag?
Answer: Tidal volume needs to be delivered at the correct rate

Question: What should be checked to ensure proper function of a bag-
mask system?
Answer: The pop-off valve can be closed
Oxygen tubing is connected to the device & the oxygen source

Question: How is sniffing position achieved in an infant or a child?
Answer: Ensure that the external ear canal is anterior to the shoulder

Question: Where may padding be required under when properly
positioning a child older than 2 years of age to maintain a
patent airway?
Answer: The occiput

Question: What actions are appropriate when providing 1-person bag-
mask ventilation?
Answer: Perform a head tilt, insert an oral airway, & squeeze the bag until chest rise

Question: What does the E-C clamp technique include?
Answer: Using the third, fourth, & fifth fingers of one hand along the jaw to lift it forward
Using the thumb & index finger of the same hand to hold the face mask

Question: When may a 2-person bag-mask technique be preferable?
Answer: When making a seal is difficult
When there is significant airway resistance

Question: When suctioning a patient, which of the following should be
monitored?
Answer: Clinical appearance
Oxygen saturation
Heart rate