A&P 2214 BRCC Final Exam Study
Guide - Toulman comprehensive
Questions and Answers with Verified
Solutions
Question 1:
Describe the major structural levels of organization in the human body
and explain how each level forms a 'building block' for the next level.
Answer:
CHEMICAL CELLULAR TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM
Molecules combine to form cells, cells combine to form tissues, tissues
combine to form organs, organs combine to form organ systems, organ
systems combine to form organisms.
Question 2:
Define "anatomical position" for a human. Explain why having a standard
"anatomical position" is important.
Answer:
Body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes
forward. Upper limbs are held out to each side and the palms of the
hands face forward. Known as the "Standard Position" - reduces
confusion.
Question 3:
List and define the major directional terms used in anatomy (figure 1.6)
and describe the locations of body structures using appropriate
directional terminology.
,Answer:
Anterior, Posterior, Superior, Inferior, Proximal, Distal, Medial, Lateral,
Superficial, Deep.
Question 4:
Anterior (VENTRAL)
Answer:
Toward the front Ex: The palms are on the anterior side of the body. The
esophagus is anterior to the spinal cord
Question 5:
Posteror (DORSAL)
Answer:
Toward the back Ex: The occipital bone is on the posterior cranium
(SKULL). The spinal cord is posterior to the esophagus.
,Question 6:
Superior (CRANIAL)
Answer:
Toward the head Ex: The nose is superior to the mouth. The neck is
superior to the chest.
Question 7:
Inferior (CAUDAL)
Answer:
Toward the tail. Ex: The mouth is inferior to the forehead. The belly button
is inferior to the chest.
Question 8:
Proximal
Answer:
Closer to the point of origin. (generally the trunk) Ex: The knee is proximal
to the ankle. The shoulder is proximal to the elbow.
Question 9:
Distal
Answer:
Farther away from the point of origin (generally the trunk) Ex: The foot is
distal to the hip. The wrist is distal to the elbow.
Question 10:
Medial
Answer:
Closer to the midline of the body or a body part; on the inner side of Ex:
, Question 11:
Lateral
Answer:
Farther away from the midline of the body or a body part; on the outer
side of Ex: The shoulder is lateral to the chest. The thumb is lateral to the
index finger.
Question 12:
Superficial
Answer:
Closer to the surface Ex: The skin is superficial to the muscle. Muscle is
superficial to the bone.
Question 13:
Deep
Answer:
Farther below the surface Ex: Bone is deep to the skin. Bone is deep to
the muscle.
Question 14:
Identify the various planes in which a body or body part might be cut,
describe the sections each plane divides the body into, and describe
which 'views' of the body each plane provides.
Guide - Toulman comprehensive
Questions and Answers with Verified
Solutions
Question 1:
Describe the major structural levels of organization in the human body
and explain how each level forms a 'building block' for the next level.
Answer:
CHEMICAL CELLULAR TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM
Molecules combine to form cells, cells combine to form tissues, tissues
combine to form organs, organs combine to form organ systems, organ
systems combine to form organisms.
Question 2:
Define "anatomical position" for a human. Explain why having a standard
"anatomical position" is important.
Answer:
Body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes
forward. Upper limbs are held out to each side and the palms of the
hands face forward. Known as the "Standard Position" - reduces
confusion.
Question 3:
List and define the major directional terms used in anatomy (figure 1.6)
and describe the locations of body structures using appropriate
directional terminology.
,Answer:
Anterior, Posterior, Superior, Inferior, Proximal, Distal, Medial, Lateral,
Superficial, Deep.
Question 4:
Anterior (VENTRAL)
Answer:
Toward the front Ex: The palms are on the anterior side of the body. The
esophagus is anterior to the spinal cord
Question 5:
Posteror (DORSAL)
Answer:
Toward the back Ex: The occipital bone is on the posterior cranium
(SKULL). The spinal cord is posterior to the esophagus.
,Question 6:
Superior (CRANIAL)
Answer:
Toward the head Ex: The nose is superior to the mouth. The neck is
superior to the chest.
Question 7:
Inferior (CAUDAL)
Answer:
Toward the tail. Ex: The mouth is inferior to the forehead. The belly button
is inferior to the chest.
Question 8:
Proximal
Answer:
Closer to the point of origin. (generally the trunk) Ex: The knee is proximal
to the ankle. The shoulder is proximal to the elbow.
Question 9:
Distal
Answer:
Farther away from the point of origin (generally the trunk) Ex: The foot is
distal to the hip. The wrist is distal to the elbow.
Question 10:
Medial
Answer:
Closer to the midline of the body or a body part; on the inner side of Ex:
, Question 11:
Lateral
Answer:
Farther away from the midline of the body or a body part; on the outer
side of Ex: The shoulder is lateral to the chest. The thumb is lateral to the
index finger.
Question 12:
Superficial
Answer:
Closer to the surface Ex: The skin is superficial to the muscle. Muscle is
superficial to the bone.
Question 13:
Deep
Answer:
Farther below the surface Ex: Bone is deep to the skin. Bone is deep to
the muscle.
Question 14:
Identify the various planes in which a body or body part might be cut,
describe the sections each plane divides the body into, and describe
which 'views' of the body each plane provides.
