CMN 574 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2026/2027
UPDATE. JUST RELEASED
1. Which mechanism best describes the action of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
A. Formation of immune complexes in the circulation that deposit in vessel walls
B. Activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against self-antigens
C. Binding of antibodies to specific cell-surface antigens or tissue components
D. Release of histamine from mast cells via IgE cross-linking
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type II hypersensitivity is tissue-specific and involves
antibodies (IgG or IgM) binding to antigens on the surface of specific cells or tissues,
leading to complement activation or phagocytosis.
2. In the pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis, what is the initial step following endothelial injury?
A. Oxidation of LDL and recruitment of monocytes
B. Smooth muscle cell proliferation
C. Formation of the fibrous plaque
,D. Platelet aggregation at the site of injury
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Following endothelial injury, low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
enter the vessel wall and become oxidized. This triggers the recruitment of monocytes
which differentiate into macrophages.
3. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the conservation of water in the collecting
ducts of the kidney?
A. Aldosterone
B. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
C. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
D. Angiotensin II
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: ADH (Vasopressin) increases the permeability of the collecting
ducts to water by inserting aquaporin channels, allowing for water reabsorption.
4. A patient with chronic renal failure presents with secondary hyperparathyroidism. What is
the primary stimulus for the increased secretion of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypocalcemia resulting from hyperphosphatemia
C. Hypermagnesemia
, D. Hypophosphatemia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: In chronic renal failure, phosphate retention leads to
hypocalcemia (via binding and reduced Vitamin D activation), which serves as the primary
stimulus for the parathyroid glands to secrete PTH.
5. Which pathophysiological process occurs in the lungs during Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome (ARDS)?
A. Excessive mucus production and bronchial constriction
B. Destruction of alveolar walls and enlargement of air spaces
C. Chronic inflammation of the airways leading to irreversible remodeling
D. Damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane leading to non-cardiogenic pulmonary
edema
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: ARDS involves diffuse alveolar damage and increased capillary
permeability, resulting in protein-rich fluid leaking into the alveoli, causing severe hypoxia.
6. What is the hallmark physiological change in distributive shock, such as septic shock?
A. Increased systemic vascular resistance
B. Decreased cardiac output due to pump failure
C. Widespread vasodilation and decreased systemic vascular resistance
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2026/2027
UPDATE. JUST RELEASED
1. Which mechanism best describes the action of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
A. Formation of immune complexes in the circulation that deposit in vessel walls
B. Activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against self-antigens
C. Binding of antibodies to specific cell-surface antigens or tissue components
D. Release of histamine from mast cells via IgE cross-linking
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type II hypersensitivity is tissue-specific and involves
antibodies (IgG or IgM) binding to antigens on the surface of specific cells or tissues,
leading to complement activation or phagocytosis.
2. In the pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis, what is the initial step following endothelial injury?
A. Oxidation of LDL and recruitment of monocytes
B. Smooth muscle cell proliferation
C. Formation of the fibrous plaque
,D. Platelet aggregation at the site of injury
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Following endothelial injury, low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
enter the vessel wall and become oxidized. This triggers the recruitment of monocytes
which differentiate into macrophages.
3. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the conservation of water in the collecting
ducts of the kidney?
A. Aldosterone
B. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
C. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
D. Angiotensin II
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: ADH (Vasopressin) increases the permeability of the collecting
ducts to water by inserting aquaporin channels, allowing for water reabsorption.
4. A patient with chronic renal failure presents with secondary hyperparathyroidism. What is
the primary stimulus for the increased secretion of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypocalcemia resulting from hyperphosphatemia
C. Hypermagnesemia
, D. Hypophosphatemia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: In chronic renal failure, phosphate retention leads to
hypocalcemia (via binding and reduced Vitamin D activation), which serves as the primary
stimulus for the parathyroid glands to secrete PTH.
5. Which pathophysiological process occurs in the lungs during Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome (ARDS)?
A. Excessive mucus production and bronchial constriction
B. Destruction of alveolar walls and enlargement of air spaces
C. Chronic inflammation of the airways leading to irreversible remodeling
D. Damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane leading to non-cardiogenic pulmonary
edema
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: ARDS involves diffuse alveolar damage and increased capillary
permeability, resulting in protein-rich fluid leaking into the alveoli, causing severe hypoxia.
6. What is the hallmark physiological change in distributive shock, such as septic shock?
A. Increased systemic vascular resistance
B. Decreased cardiac output due to pump failure
C. Widespread vasodilation and decreased systemic vascular resistance
