BIOS 252 Study Guide Questions and Answers with Rationales |
CHAMBERLAIN UNIVERSITY
Question 1. The function described is to provides high-yield ATP production for sustained muscle activity.
Which component is the best match?
A. creatine phosphate
B. myoglobin
C. aerobic respiration
D. anaerobic glycolysis
Correct Answer: C. aerobic respiration
Explanation: The defining role of aerobic respiration is that it provides high-yield ATP production for sustained muscle
activity. Its relevant anatomical context is primarily in mitochondria when oxygen supply is adequate. The alternatives do
not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 2. Which option correctly integrates the anatomical context and physiologic role of microglial
cell?
A. microglial cell - located in the central nervous system - acts as the resident phagocytic immune cell of the CNS
B. interneuron - located within the brain and spinal cord - acts as the resident phagocytic immune cell of the CNS
C. temporal summation - located at the postsynaptic neuron during closely spaced signals - acts as the resident
phagocytic immune cell of the CNS
D. cell body (soma) - located in the central region of a neuron - acts as the resident phagocytic immune cell of the
CNS
Correct Answer: A. microglial cell - located in the central nervous system - acts as the resident phagocytic
immune cell of the CNS
Explanation: The defining role of microglial cell is that it acts as the resident phagocytic immune cell of the CNS. Its
relevant anatomical context is in the central nervous system. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context
as well.
Question 3. Using both clues - anatomical context (on the lateral hip) and function (abducts the hip and
stabilizes the pelvis during single-leg stance) - which component is the best match?
A. quadriceps femoris group
B. biceps brachii
C. gluteus maximus
D. gluteus medius
Correct Answer: D. gluteus medius
Explanation: The defining role of gluteus medius is that it abducts the hip and stabilizes the pelvis during single-leg
stance. Its relevant anatomical context is on the lateral hip. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context
as well.
Question 4. Which statement best describes the normal function of acetylcholine?
A. Modulates movement, motivation, and reward through several CNS pathways.
B. Acts at neuromuscular junctions and at many autonomic and CNS synapses.
C. Serves as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
D. Serves as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain.
Correct Answer: B. Acts at neuromuscular junctions and at many autonomic and CNS synapses.
Explanation: The defining role of acetylcholine is that it acts at neuromuscular junctions and at many autonomic and CNS
synapses. Its relevant anatomical context is in somatic motor pathways, autonomic pathways, and the CNS. The
alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
,Question 5. Using both clues - anatomical context (from the lumbar plexus into the anterior thigh) and
function (innervates the quadriceps and carries sensation from the anterior thigh and medial leg) - which
component is the best match?
A. sciatic nerve
B. femoral nerve
C. phrenic nerve
D. radial nerve
Correct Answer: B. femoral nerve
Explanation: The defining role of femoral nerve is that it innervates the quadriceps and carries sensation from the anterior
thigh and medial leg. Its relevant anatomical context is from the lumbar plexus into the anterior thigh. The alternatives do
not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 6. Which statement best describes the normal function of H zone?
A. Anchors thin filaments and marks the boundary of a sarcomere.
B. Stabilizes and aligns thick filaments.
C. Contains thick filaments without thin-filament overlap in a relaxed sarcomere.
D. Contains thin filaments that do not overlap thick filaments.
Correct Answer: C. Contains thick filaments without thin-filament overlap in a relaxed sarcomere.
Explanation: The defining role of H zone is that it contains thick filaments without thin-filament overlap in a relaxed
sarcomere. Its relevant anatomical context is at the center of the A band. The alternatives do not match the tested function
and context as well.
Question 7. The function described is to receives most synaptic input and carries graded signals toward
the soma. Which component is the best match?
A. axon
B. axon terminal
C. cell body (soma)
D. dendrite
Correct Answer: D. dendrite
Explanation: The defining role of dendrite is that it receives most synaptic input and carries graded signals toward the
soma. Its relevant anatomical context is as branching processes extending from the neuron. The alternatives do not match
the tested function and context as well.
Question 8. A laboratory practical asks for both location and function of subarachnoid space. Which
description is accurate?
A. subarachnoid space - located between arachnoid mater and pia mater - contains cerebrospinal fluid surrounding
the spinal cord
B. filum terminale - located extending inferiorly from the conus medullaris - contains cerebrospinal fluid surrounding
the spinal cord
C. gray commissure - located across the midline of the spinal cord - contains cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the
spinal cord
D. ventral horn - located in the anterior gray matter of the spinal cord - contains cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the
spinal cord
Correct Answer: A. subarachnoid space - located between arachnoid mater and pia mater - contains
cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the spinal cord
Explanation: The defining role of subarachnoid space is that it contains cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Its
relevant anatomical context is between arachnoid mater and pia mater. The alternatives do not match the tested function
and context as well.
,Question 9. What is the primary role of epimysium?
A. Contracts involuntarily with striations and intercalated discs.
B. Abducts the arm at the shoulder after initiation of the movement.
C. Abducts the hip and stabilizes the pelvis during single-leg stance.
D. Surrounds the entire skeletal muscle.
Correct Answer: D. Surrounds the entire skeletal muscle.
Explanation: The defining role of epimysium is that it surrounds the entire skeletal muscle. Its relevant anatomical context
is around the whole muscle. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 10. Which description correctly links basal nuclei with both its anatomical setting and its
principal role?
A. abducens nerve (CN VI) - located from the pons to the orbit - modulate initiation and scaling of movement
through circuits with cortex and thalamus
B. beta-2 adrenergic receptor - located in airways and selected vascular beds - modulate initiation and scaling of
movement through circuits with cortex and thalamus
C. basal nuclei - located deep within the cerebral hemispheres - modulate initiation and scaling of movement through
circuits with cortex and thalamus
D. cerebrospinal fluid - located in ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space - modulate initiation and scaling
of movement through circuits with cortex and thalamus
Correct Answer: C. basal nuclei - located deep within the cerebral hemispheres - modulate initiation and scaling
of movement through circuits with cortex and thalamus
Explanation: The defining role of basal nuclei is that it modulate initiation and scaling of movement through circuits with
cortex and thalamus. Its relevant anatomical context is deep within the cerebral hemispheres. The alternatives do not
match the tested function and context as well.
Question 11. Which listed component is most directly characterized by the following role: integrates
graded potentials and is the usual trigger zone for an action potential?
A. dendrite
B. cell body (soma)
C. axon
D. axon hillock/initial segment
Correct Answer: D. axon hillock/initial segment
Explanation: The defining role of axon hillock/initial segment is that it integrates graded potentials and is the usual trigger
zone for an action potential. Its relevant anatomical context is where the axon begins from the soma. The alternatives do
not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 12. What is the primary role of slow oxidative fiber?
A. Contains repeating sarcomeres that generate force.
B. Supports fatigue-resistant, aerobic, lower-force contractions.
C. Forms the main backbone of the thin filament and provides myosin-binding sites.
D. Surrounds each muscle fascicle.
Correct Answer: B. Supports fatigue-resistant, aerobic, lower-force contractions.
Explanation: The defining role of slow oxidative fiber is that it supports fatigue-resistant, aerobic, lower-force
contractions. Its relevant anatomical context is in postural and endurance-oriented motor units. The alternatives do not
match the tested function and context as well.
, Question 13. Which process depends most directly on the normal action of trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
A. Carries major facial somatic sensation and motor fibers to muscles of mastication.
B. Carries visual sensory information from the retina.
C. Controls muscles of facial expression, carries taste from the anterior tongue, and carries parasympathetic fibers to
selected glands.
D. Controls most extraocular muscles, elevates the eyelid, and carries parasympathetic fibers for pupil constriction.
Correct Answer: A. Carries major facial somatic sensation and motor fibers to muscles of mastication.
Explanation: The defining role of trigeminal nerve (CN V) is that it carries major facial somatic sensation and motor fibers
to muscles of mastication. Its relevant anatomical context is from the pons to the face and jaw through three major
divisions. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 14. What is the primary role of spatial summation?
A. Depolarizes a postsynaptic cell and increases the probability of reaching threshold.
B. Adds postsynaptic potentials that arrive rapidly from the same presynaptic input.
C. Adds postsynaptic potentials arriving at the same time from different presynaptic inputs.
D. Hyperpolarizes or stabilizes a postsynaptic membrane and decreases the probability of firing.
Correct Answer: C. Adds postsynaptic potentials arriving at the same time from different presynaptic inputs.
Explanation: The defining role of spatial summation is that it adds postsynaptic potentials arriving at the same time from
different presynaptic inputs. Its relevant anatomical context is at the postsynaptic neuron receiving multiple inputs. The
alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 15. Which component is associated with around bundles of muscle fibers and also has the role of
surrounds each muscle fascicle?
A. endomysium
B. perimysium
C. motor unit
D. T tubule
Correct Answer: B. perimysium
Explanation: The defining role of perimysium is that it surrounds each muscle fascicle. Its relevant anatomical context is
around bundles of muscle fibers. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 16. Select the complete anatomy-function description that is accurate for radial nerve.
A. monosynaptic reflex arc - located classically in the core of the stretch reflex - innervates major extensor muscles
of the arm and forearm and carries sensation from part of the posterior limb
B. femoral nerve - located from the lumbar plexus into the anterior thigh - innervates major extensor muscles of the
arm and forearm and carries sensation from part of the posterior limb
C. radial nerve - located from the brachial plexus to the posterior upper limb - innervates major extensor muscles of
the arm and forearm and carries sensation from part of the posterior limb
D. cervical plexus - located formed mainly by anterior rami C1-C4 - innervates major extensor muscles of the arm
and forearm and carries sensation from part of the posterior limb
Correct Answer: C. radial nerve - located from the brachial plexus to the posterior upper limb - innervates
major extensor muscles of the arm and forearm and carries sensation from part of the posterior limb
Explanation: The defining role of radial nerve is that it innervates major extensor muscles of the arm and forearm and
carries sensation from part of the posterior limb. Its relevant anatomical context is from the brachial plexus to the posterior
upper limb. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
CHAMBERLAIN UNIVERSITY
Question 1. The function described is to provides high-yield ATP production for sustained muscle activity.
Which component is the best match?
A. creatine phosphate
B. myoglobin
C. aerobic respiration
D. anaerobic glycolysis
Correct Answer: C. aerobic respiration
Explanation: The defining role of aerobic respiration is that it provides high-yield ATP production for sustained muscle
activity. Its relevant anatomical context is primarily in mitochondria when oxygen supply is adequate. The alternatives do
not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 2. Which option correctly integrates the anatomical context and physiologic role of microglial
cell?
A. microglial cell - located in the central nervous system - acts as the resident phagocytic immune cell of the CNS
B. interneuron - located within the brain and spinal cord - acts as the resident phagocytic immune cell of the CNS
C. temporal summation - located at the postsynaptic neuron during closely spaced signals - acts as the resident
phagocytic immune cell of the CNS
D. cell body (soma) - located in the central region of a neuron - acts as the resident phagocytic immune cell of the
CNS
Correct Answer: A. microglial cell - located in the central nervous system - acts as the resident phagocytic
immune cell of the CNS
Explanation: The defining role of microglial cell is that it acts as the resident phagocytic immune cell of the CNS. Its
relevant anatomical context is in the central nervous system. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context
as well.
Question 3. Using both clues - anatomical context (on the lateral hip) and function (abducts the hip and
stabilizes the pelvis during single-leg stance) - which component is the best match?
A. quadriceps femoris group
B. biceps brachii
C. gluteus maximus
D. gluteus medius
Correct Answer: D. gluteus medius
Explanation: The defining role of gluteus medius is that it abducts the hip and stabilizes the pelvis during single-leg
stance. Its relevant anatomical context is on the lateral hip. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context
as well.
Question 4. Which statement best describes the normal function of acetylcholine?
A. Modulates movement, motivation, and reward through several CNS pathways.
B. Acts at neuromuscular junctions and at many autonomic and CNS synapses.
C. Serves as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
D. Serves as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain.
Correct Answer: B. Acts at neuromuscular junctions and at many autonomic and CNS synapses.
Explanation: The defining role of acetylcholine is that it acts at neuromuscular junctions and at many autonomic and CNS
synapses. Its relevant anatomical context is in somatic motor pathways, autonomic pathways, and the CNS. The
alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
,Question 5. Using both clues - anatomical context (from the lumbar plexus into the anterior thigh) and
function (innervates the quadriceps and carries sensation from the anterior thigh and medial leg) - which
component is the best match?
A. sciatic nerve
B. femoral nerve
C. phrenic nerve
D. radial nerve
Correct Answer: B. femoral nerve
Explanation: The defining role of femoral nerve is that it innervates the quadriceps and carries sensation from the anterior
thigh and medial leg. Its relevant anatomical context is from the lumbar plexus into the anterior thigh. The alternatives do
not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 6. Which statement best describes the normal function of H zone?
A. Anchors thin filaments and marks the boundary of a sarcomere.
B. Stabilizes and aligns thick filaments.
C. Contains thick filaments without thin-filament overlap in a relaxed sarcomere.
D. Contains thin filaments that do not overlap thick filaments.
Correct Answer: C. Contains thick filaments without thin-filament overlap in a relaxed sarcomere.
Explanation: The defining role of H zone is that it contains thick filaments without thin-filament overlap in a relaxed
sarcomere. Its relevant anatomical context is at the center of the A band. The alternatives do not match the tested function
and context as well.
Question 7. The function described is to receives most synaptic input and carries graded signals toward
the soma. Which component is the best match?
A. axon
B. axon terminal
C. cell body (soma)
D. dendrite
Correct Answer: D. dendrite
Explanation: The defining role of dendrite is that it receives most synaptic input and carries graded signals toward the
soma. Its relevant anatomical context is as branching processes extending from the neuron. The alternatives do not match
the tested function and context as well.
Question 8. A laboratory practical asks for both location and function of subarachnoid space. Which
description is accurate?
A. subarachnoid space - located between arachnoid mater and pia mater - contains cerebrospinal fluid surrounding
the spinal cord
B. filum terminale - located extending inferiorly from the conus medullaris - contains cerebrospinal fluid surrounding
the spinal cord
C. gray commissure - located across the midline of the spinal cord - contains cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the
spinal cord
D. ventral horn - located in the anterior gray matter of the spinal cord - contains cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the
spinal cord
Correct Answer: A. subarachnoid space - located between arachnoid mater and pia mater - contains
cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the spinal cord
Explanation: The defining role of subarachnoid space is that it contains cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Its
relevant anatomical context is between arachnoid mater and pia mater. The alternatives do not match the tested function
and context as well.
,Question 9. What is the primary role of epimysium?
A. Contracts involuntarily with striations and intercalated discs.
B. Abducts the arm at the shoulder after initiation of the movement.
C. Abducts the hip and stabilizes the pelvis during single-leg stance.
D. Surrounds the entire skeletal muscle.
Correct Answer: D. Surrounds the entire skeletal muscle.
Explanation: The defining role of epimysium is that it surrounds the entire skeletal muscle. Its relevant anatomical context
is around the whole muscle. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 10. Which description correctly links basal nuclei with both its anatomical setting and its
principal role?
A. abducens nerve (CN VI) - located from the pons to the orbit - modulate initiation and scaling of movement
through circuits with cortex and thalamus
B. beta-2 adrenergic receptor - located in airways and selected vascular beds - modulate initiation and scaling of
movement through circuits with cortex and thalamus
C. basal nuclei - located deep within the cerebral hemispheres - modulate initiation and scaling of movement through
circuits with cortex and thalamus
D. cerebrospinal fluid - located in ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space - modulate initiation and scaling
of movement through circuits with cortex and thalamus
Correct Answer: C. basal nuclei - located deep within the cerebral hemispheres - modulate initiation and scaling
of movement through circuits with cortex and thalamus
Explanation: The defining role of basal nuclei is that it modulate initiation and scaling of movement through circuits with
cortex and thalamus. Its relevant anatomical context is deep within the cerebral hemispheres. The alternatives do not
match the tested function and context as well.
Question 11. Which listed component is most directly characterized by the following role: integrates
graded potentials and is the usual trigger zone for an action potential?
A. dendrite
B. cell body (soma)
C. axon
D. axon hillock/initial segment
Correct Answer: D. axon hillock/initial segment
Explanation: The defining role of axon hillock/initial segment is that it integrates graded potentials and is the usual trigger
zone for an action potential. Its relevant anatomical context is where the axon begins from the soma. The alternatives do
not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 12. What is the primary role of slow oxidative fiber?
A. Contains repeating sarcomeres that generate force.
B. Supports fatigue-resistant, aerobic, lower-force contractions.
C. Forms the main backbone of the thin filament and provides myosin-binding sites.
D. Surrounds each muscle fascicle.
Correct Answer: B. Supports fatigue-resistant, aerobic, lower-force contractions.
Explanation: The defining role of slow oxidative fiber is that it supports fatigue-resistant, aerobic, lower-force
contractions. Its relevant anatomical context is in postural and endurance-oriented motor units. The alternatives do not
match the tested function and context as well.
, Question 13. Which process depends most directly on the normal action of trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
A. Carries major facial somatic sensation and motor fibers to muscles of mastication.
B. Carries visual sensory information from the retina.
C. Controls muscles of facial expression, carries taste from the anterior tongue, and carries parasympathetic fibers to
selected glands.
D. Controls most extraocular muscles, elevates the eyelid, and carries parasympathetic fibers for pupil constriction.
Correct Answer: A. Carries major facial somatic sensation and motor fibers to muscles of mastication.
Explanation: The defining role of trigeminal nerve (CN V) is that it carries major facial somatic sensation and motor fibers
to muscles of mastication. Its relevant anatomical context is from the pons to the face and jaw through three major
divisions. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 14. What is the primary role of spatial summation?
A. Depolarizes a postsynaptic cell and increases the probability of reaching threshold.
B. Adds postsynaptic potentials that arrive rapidly from the same presynaptic input.
C. Adds postsynaptic potentials arriving at the same time from different presynaptic inputs.
D. Hyperpolarizes or stabilizes a postsynaptic membrane and decreases the probability of firing.
Correct Answer: C. Adds postsynaptic potentials arriving at the same time from different presynaptic inputs.
Explanation: The defining role of spatial summation is that it adds postsynaptic potentials arriving at the same time from
different presynaptic inputs. Its relevant anatomical context is at the postsynaptic neuron receiving multiple inputs. The
alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 15. Which component is associated with around bundles of muscle fibers and also has the role of
surrounds each muscle fascicle?
A. endomysium
B. perimysium
C. motor unit
D. T tubule
Correct Answer: B. perimysium
Explanation: The defining role of perimysium is that it surrounds each muscle fascicle. Its relevant anatomical context is
around bundles of muscle fibers. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 16. Select the complete anatomy-function description that is accurate for radial nerve.
A. monosynaptic reflex arc - located classically in the core of the stretch reflex - innervates major extensor muscles
of the arm and forearm and carries sensation from part of the posterior limb
B. femoral nerve - located from the lumbar plexus into the anterior thigh - innervates major extensor muscles of the
arm and forearm and carries sensation from part of the posterior limb
C. radial nerve - located from the brachial plexus to the posterior upper limb - innervates major extensor muscles of
the arm and forearm and carries sensation from part of the posterior limb
D. cervical plexus - located formed mainly by anterior rami C1-C4 - innervates major extensor muscles of the arm
and forearm and carries sensation from part of the posterior limb
Correct Answer: C. radial nerve - located from the brachial plexus to the posterior upper limb - innervates
major extensor muscles of the arm and forearm and carries sensation from part of the posterior limb
Explanation: The defining role of radial nerve is that it innervates major extensor muscles of the arm and forearm and
carries sensation from part of the posterior limb. Its relevant anatomical context is from the brachial plexus to the posterior
upper limb. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
