BIOS 252 Exam 3 Questions and Answers with Rationales |
CHAMBERLAIN UNIVERSITY
Question 1. Which answer satisfies both features - association with in the epithalamus and the ability to
secretes melatonin involved in circadian timing?
A. thymus
B. adrenal gland
C. pineal gland
D. pancreatic islets
Correct Answer: C. pineal gland
Explanation: The defining role of pineal gland is that it secretes melatonin involved in circadian timing. Its relevant
anatomical context is in the epithalamus. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 2. Bright light reaches one eye and the pupils constrict. Which autonomic pattern most directly
produces the constriction?
A. Parasympathetic activation of iris sphincter muscle
B. Somatic motor activation of the ciliary muscle
C. Sympathetic inhibition of the optic nerve
D. Sympathetic activation of iris radial muscle
Correct Answer: A. Parasympathetic activation of iris sphincter muscle
Explanation: Pupil constriction is mediated by parasympathetic fibers traveling with the oculomotor nerve to the iris
sphincter. Sympathetic stimulation instead favors pupil dilation through radial muscle. The optic nerve carries sensory
input but does not directly contract the iris.
Question 3. Identify the component that is associated with from atrial cardiomyocytes in response to
stretch and that promotes sodium and water loss and opposes volume-expanding signals.
A. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B. renin
C. leptin
D. erythropoietin
Correct Answer: A. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Explanation: The defining role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is that it promotes sodium and water loss and opposes
volume-expanding signals. Its relevant anatomical context is from atrial cardiomyocytes in response to stretch. The
alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 4. Which dysfunction best localizes to lens when the finding is blurred focus when transparency
or accommodation is impaired?
A. lens
B. sclera
C. cornea
D. optic disc
Correct Answer: A. lens
Explanation: The defining role of lens is that it changes shape to fine-tune focus of light on the retina. Its relevant
anatomical context is behind the iris and pupil. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
,Question 5. Identify the component that is associated with from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
to distal nephron cells and that increases renal sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion, helping
support extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure.
A. oxytocin
B. steroid hormone
C. aldosterone
D. somatostatin
Correct Answer: C. aldosterone
Explanation: The defining role of aldosterone is that it increases renal sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion,
helping support extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. Its relevant anatomical context is from the zona
glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex to distal nephron cells. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as
well.
Question 6. An experiment selectively blocks malleus. Which normal function is most directly reduced?
A. Receives vibration from the tympanic membrane and transmits it to the incus.
B. Transmits vibration from the malleus to the stapes.
C. Vibrates in response to sound pressure and transfers energy to the ossicles.
D. Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx.
Correct Answer: A. Receives vibration from the tympanic membrane and transmits it to the incus.
Explanation: The defining role of malleus is that it receives vibration from the tympanic membrane and transmits it to the
incus. Its relevant anatomical context is in the middle ear attached to the tympanic membrane. The alternatives do not
match the tested function and context as well.
Question 7. Using both anatomical context and physiology, identify the component linked to synthesized in
hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions and milk
ejection.
A. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
B. glucagon
C. oxytocin
D. pineal gland
Correct Answer: C. oxytocin
Explanation: The defining role of oxytocin is that it stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection. Its relevant
anatomical context is synthesized in hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary. The alternatives do not match the
tested function and context as well.
Question 8. Which option most accurately identifies the component whose normal role is to allows
pressure relief and fluid displacement within the cochlea as the oval window moves?
A. tympanic membrane
B. round window
C. organ of Corti
D. oval window
Correct Answer: B. round window
Explanation: The defining role of round window is that it allows pressure relief and fluid displacement within the cochlea
as the oval window moves. Its relevant anatomical context is at the basal cochlea opening to the middle ear. The
alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
,Question 9. Which component best matches this physiologic description: releases secretions through ducts
to an epithelial surface or lumen?
A. exocrine gland
B. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
C. epinephrine
D. parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Correct Answer: A. exocrine gland
Explanation: The defining role of exocrine gland is that it releases secretions through ducts to an epithelial surface or
lumen. Its relevant anatomical context is in glands such as sweat, salivary, and exocrine pancreas. The alternatives do not
match the tested function and context as well.
Question 10. Which option most accurately identifies the component whose normal role is to contains hair
cells that detect endolymph movement during angular acceleration?
A. semicircular ducts
B. crista ampullaris
C. utricle
D. saccule
Correct Answer: B. crista ampullaris
Explanation: The defining role of crista ampullaris is that it contains hair cells that detect endolymph movement during
angular acceleration. Its relevant anatomical context is within the ampulla of each semicircular duct. The alternatives do
not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 11. Using both clues - anatomical context (from anterior pituitary somatotrophs to many tissues)
and function (promotes IGF-1-dependent growth and has important metabolic effects) - which component
is the best match?
A. prolactin
B. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C. luteinizing hormone (LH)
D. growth hormone (GH)
Correct Answer: D. growth hormone (GH)
Explanation: The defining role of growth hormone (GH) is that it promotes IGF-1-dependent growth and has important
metabolic effects. Its relevant anatomical context is from anterior pituitary somatotrophs to many tissues. The alternatives
do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 12. Selective loss of olfactory bulb leaves neighboring components intact. Which normal role is
most directly compromised?
A. Provides high sensitivity in dim light but low color and spatial acuity.
B. Receives primary olfactory axons and begins central processing of odor information.
C. Changes shape to fine-tune focus of light on the retina.
D. Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx.
Correct Answer: B. Receives primary olfactory axons and begins central processing of odor information.
Explanation: The defining role of olfactory bulb is that it receives primary olfactory axons and begins central processing
of odor information. Its relevant anatomical context is on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe above the cribriform plate.
The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
, Question 13. Identify the component that is associated with from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
portal blood and that stimulates anterior pituitary FSH and LH release.
A. growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
B. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
C. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
D. corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Correct Answer: B. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Explanation: The defining role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is that it stimulates anterior pituitary FSH and
LH release. Its relevant anatomical context is from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary portal blood. The alternatives do not
match the tested function and context as well.
Question 14. Using both anatomical context and physiology, identify the component linked to in the
vestibule of the inner ear that detects linear acceleration and head tilt mainly in the horizontal plane.
A. macula
B. semicircular ducts
C. saccule
D. utricle
Correct Answer: D. utricle
Explanation: The defining role of utricle is that it detects linear acceleration and head tilt mainly in the horizontal plane.
Its relevant anatomical context is in the vestibule of the inner ear. The alternatives do not match the tested function and
context as well.
Question 15. Which component best matches this physiologic description: stimulates thyroid growth and
thyroid hormone synthesis/secretion?
A. luteinizing hormone (LH)
B. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C. growth hormone (GH)
D. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Correct Answer: B. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Explanation: The defining role of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is that it stimulates thyroid growth and thyroid
hormone synthesis/secretion. Its relevant anatomical context is from anterior pituitary thyrotrophs to the thyroid gland.
The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 16. The function described is to receives organized visual input from the thalamus. Which
component is the best match?
A. retinal bipolar cell
B. retinal ganglion cell
C. lateral geniculate nucleus
D. primary visual cortex
Correct Answer: D. primary visual cortex
Explanation: The defining role of primary visual cortex is that it receives organized visual input from the thalamus. Its
relevant anatomical context is in the occipital lobe around the calcarine region. The alternatives do not match the tested
function and context as well.
CHAMBERLAIN UNIVERSITY
Question 1. Which answer satisfies both features - association with in the epithalamus and the ability to
secretes melatonin involved in circadian timing?
A. thymus
B. adrenal gland
C. pineal gland
D. pancreatic islets
Correct Answer: C. pineal gland
Explanation: The defining role of pineal gland is that it secretes melatonin involved in circadian timing. Its relevant
anatomical context is in the epithalamus. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 2. Bright light reaches one eye and the pupils constrict. Which autonomic pattern most directly
produces the constriction?
A. Parasympathetic activation of iris sphincter muscle
B. Somatic motor activation of the ciliary muscle
C. Sympathetic inhibition of the optic nerve
D. Sympathetic activation of iris radial muscle
Correct Answer: A. Parasympathetic activation of iris sphincter muscle
Explanation: Pupil constriction is mediated by parasympathetic fibers traveling with the oculomotor nerve to the iris
sphincter. Sympathetic stimulation instead favors pupil dilation through radial muscle. The optic nerve carries sensory
input but does not directly contract the iris.
Question 3. Identify the component that is associated with from atrial cardiomyocytes in response to
stretch and that promotes sodium and water loss and opposes volume-expanding signals.
A. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B. renin
C. leptin
D. erythropoietin
Correct Answer: A. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Explanation: The defining role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is that it promotes sodium and water loss and opposes
volume-expanding signals. Its relevant anatomical context is from atrial cardiomyocytes in response to stretch. The
alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 4. Which dysfunction best localizes to lens when the finding is blurred focus when transparency
or accommodation is impaired?
A. lens
B. sclera
C. cornea
D. optic disc
Correct Answer: A. lens
Explanation: The defining role of lens is that it changes shape to fine-tune focus of light on the retina. Its relevant
anatomical context is behind the iris and pupil. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
,Question 5. Identify the component that is associated with from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
to distal nephron cells and that increases renal sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion, helping
support extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure.
A. oxytocin
B. steroid hormone
C. aldosterone
D. somatostatin
Correct Answer: C. aldosterone
Explanation: The defining role of aldosterone is that it increases renal sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion,
helping support extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. Its relevant anatomical context is from the zona
glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex to distal nephron cells. The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as
well.
Question 6. An experiment selectively blocks malleus. Which normal function is most directly reduced?
A. Receives vibration from the tympanic membrane and transmits it to the incus.
B. Transmits vibration from the malleus to the stapes.
C. Vibrates in response to sound pressure and transfers energy to the ossicles.
D. Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx.
Correct Answer: A. Receives vibration from the tympanic membrane and transmits it to the incus.
Explanation: The defining role of malleus is that it receives vibration from the tympanic membrane and transmits it to the
incus. Its relevant anatomical context is in the middle ear attached to the tympanic membrane. The alternatives do not
match the tested function and context as well.
Question 7. Using both anatomical context and physiology, identify the component linked to synthesized in
hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions and milk
ejection.
A. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
B. glucagon
C. oxytocin
D. pineal gland
Correct Answer: C. oxytocin
Explanation: The defining role of oxytocin is that it stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection. Its relevant
anatomical context is synthesized in hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary. The alternatives do not match the
tested function and context as well.
Question 8. Which option most accurately identifies the component whose normal role is to allows
pressure relief and fluid displacement within the cochlea as the oval window moves?
A. tympanic membrane
B. round window
C. organ of Corti
D. oval window
Correct Answer: B. round window
Explanation: The defining role of round window is that it allows pressure relief and fluid displacement within the cochlea
as the oval window moves. Its relevant anatomical context is at the basal cochlea opening to the middle ear. The
alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
,Question 9. Which component best matches this physiologic description: releases secretions through ducts
to an epithelial surface or lumen?
A. exocrine gland
B. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
C. epinephrine
D. parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Correct Answer: A. exocrine gland
Explanation: The defining role of exocrine gland is that it releases secretions through ducts to an epithelial surface or
lumen. Its relevant anatomical context is in glands such as sweat, salivary, and exocrine pancreas. The alternatives do not
match the tested function and context as well.
Question 10. Which option most accurately identifies the component whose normal role is to contains hair
cells that detect endolymph movement during angular acceleration?
A. semicircular ducts
B. crista ampullaris
C. utricle
D. saccule
Correct Answer: B. crista ampullaris
Explanation: The defining role of crista ampullaris is that it contains hair cells that detect endolymph movement during
angular acceleration. Its relevant anatomical context is within the ampulla of each semicircular duct. The alternatives do
not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 11. Using both clues - anatomical context (from anterior pituitary somatotrophs to many tissues)
and function (promotes IGF-1-dependent growth and has important metabolic effects) - which component
is the best match?
A. prolactin
B. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C. luteinizing hormone (LH)
D. growth hormone (GH)
Correct Answer: D. growth hormone (GH)
Explanation: The defining role of growth hormone (GH) is that it promotes IGF-1-dependent growth and has important
metabolic effects. Its relevant anatomical context is from anterior pituitary somatotrophs to many tissues. The alternatives
do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 12. Selective loss of olfactory bulb leaves neighboring components intact. Which normal role is
most directly compromised?
A. Provides high sensitivity in dim light but low color and spatial acuity.
B. Receives primary olfactory axons and begins central processing of odor information.
C. Changes shape to fine-tune focus of light on the retina.
D. Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx.
Correct Answer: B. Receives primary olfactory axons and begins central processing of odor information.
Explanation: The defining role of olfactory bulb is that it receives primary olfactory axons and begins central processing
of odor information. Its relevant anatomical context is on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe above the cribriform plate.
The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
, Question 13. Identify the component that is associated with from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
portal blood and that stimulates anterior pituitary FSH and LH release.
A. growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
B. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
C. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
D. corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Correct Answer: B. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Explanation: The defining role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is that it stimulates anterior pituitary FSH and
LH release. Its relevant anatomical context is from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary portal blood. The alternatives do not
match the tested function and context as well.
Question 14. Using both anatomical context and physiology, identify the component linked to in the
vestibule of the inner ear that detects linear acceleration and head tilt mainly in the horizontal plane.
A. macula
B. semicircular ducts
C. saccule
D. utricle
Correct Answer: D. utricle
Explanation: The defining role of utricle is that it detects linear acceleration and head tilt mainly in the horizontal plane.
Its relevant anatomical context is in the vestibule of the inner ear. The alternatives do not match the tested function and
context as well.
Question 15. Which component best matches this physiologic description: stimulates thyroid growth and
thyroid hormone synthesis/secretion?
A. luteinizing hormone (LH)
B. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C. growth hormone (GH)
D. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Correct Answer: B. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Explanation: The defining role of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is that it stimulates thyroid growth and thyroid
hormone synthesis/secretion. Its relevant anatomical context is from anterior pituitary thyrotrophs to the thyroid gland.
The alternatives do not match the tested function and context as well.
Question 16. The function described is to receives organized visual input from the thalamus. Which
component is the best match?
A. retinal bipolar cell
B. retinal ganglion cell
C. lateral geniculate nucleus
D. primary visual cortex
Correct Answer: D. primary visual cortex
Explanation: The defining role of primary visual cortex is that it receives organized visual input from the thalamus. Its
relevant anatomical context is in the occipital lobe around the calcarine region. The alternatives do not match the tested
function and context as well.
