APHY 102 - Ivy Tech Midterm Exam Test with Answers Rated A
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible
for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly
What is a hormone and how does it act? blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are
any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular
hormone.
a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but attects only
What is a paracrine gland?
neighboring cells
What is an autocrine gland? A secretion that only attects the secreting cell.
A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into the
What is an endocrine gland?
bloodstream and act on target cells
A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a body
What is an exocrine gland?
surface.
Where is the thymus located? mediastinum; behind the sternum
Where is the pineal gland located? center of brain
Where are the reproductive organs located? abdomen; pelvic
Where is the pituitary gland located? sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base of the brain
Where are the adrenal glands located? on top of each kidney
Where is the pancreas located? posterior to the stomach
Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones; estrogen
What are the two steroid hormones?
and testosterone
-dittuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or nucle-
us
Describe steroid hormones -combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The en-
docrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body
, fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines
with receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activat-
Describe non-steroid hormones.
ing G protein. Cellular changes produce the hormone's
ettects.
The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland pro-
ducing and secreting hormones for the body and con-
nects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Mean-
How is the anterior pituitary gland ditterent than the pos- while, the posterior pituitary remains connected to the
terior pituitary gland? hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones
produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages
from it that regulate when hormones are to be released
to and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? Hypothalamus
Describe tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of certain hor-
mones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that
house egg cells in ovaries and stimulate production of
sperm cells in the testes.
anterior pituitary hormones GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows re-
lease of egg cells from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the
thyroid
ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contrac-
posterior pituitary hormones tion of the uterus during childbirth and may stimulate the
movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive tract
during sexual activity
Thyroid hormones
, Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion
concentration
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration and de-
Parathyroid hormones creases blood phosphate ion concentration through ac-
tions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines
epinephrine and norepinephrine - increase heart rate, BP,
adrenal medulla hormones
breathing, decrease digestion
Aldosterone - helps regulate concentration of sodium and
potassium ions
adrenal cortex hormones
Cortisol - attects glucose metabolism and influences pro-
teins and fat metabolism
Glucagon - stimulates liver to break down glycogen into
glucose
Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glu-
Pancreas hormones
cose
Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by in-
hibiting secretion of glucagon and insulin
Melatonin - made from serotonin and regulates circadian
pineal gland hormone
rhythms
Thymosins - attect production and ditterentiation of T lym-
Thymus Gland Hormones
phocytes
How are glucagon and insulin alike? Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into
How are glucagon and insulin ditterent? glucose and insulin promotes the formation of glycogen
from glucose
Diabetes insipitus - a person is insatiably thirsty and has
large amounts of urine output
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible
for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly
What is a hormone and how does it act? blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are
any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular
hormone.
a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but attects only
What is a paracrine gland?
neighboring cells
What is an autocrine gland? A secretion that only attects the secreting cell.
A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into the
What is an endocrine gland?
bloodstream and act on target cells
A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a body
What is an exocrine gland?
surface.
Where is the thymus located? mediastinum; behind the sternum
Where is the pineal gland located? center of brain
Where are the reproductive organs located? abdomen; pelvic
Where is the pituitary gland located? sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base of the brain
Where are the adrenal glands located? on top of each kidney
Where is the pancreas located? posterior to the stomach
Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones; estrogen
What are the two steroid hormones?
and testosterone
-dittuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or nucle-
us
Describe steroid hormones -combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The en-
docrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body
, fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines
with receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activat-
Describe non-steroid hormones.
ing G protein. Cellular changes produce the hormone's
ettects.
The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland pro-
ducing and secreting hormones for the body and con-
nects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Mean-
How is the anterior pituitary gland ditterent than the pos- while, the posterior pituitary remains connected to the
terior pituitary gland? hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones
produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages
from it that regulate when hormones are to be released
to and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? Hypothalamus
Describe tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of certain hor-
mones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that
house egg cells in ovaries and stimulate production of
sperm cells in the testes.
anterior pituitary hormones GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows re-
lease of egg cells from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the
thyroid
ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contrac-
posterior pituitary hormones tion of the uterus during childbirth and may stimulate the
movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive tract
during sexual activity
Thyroid hormones
, Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion
concentration
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration and de-
Parathyroid hormones creases blood phosphate ion concentration through ac-
tions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines
epinephrine and norepinephrine - increase heart rate, BP,
adrenal medulla hormones
breathing, decrease digestion
Aldosterone - helps regulate concentration of sodium and
potassium ions
adrenal cortex hormones
Cortisol - attects glucose metabolism and influences pro-
teins and fat metabolism
Glucagon - stimulates liver to break down glycogen into
glucose
Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glu-
Pancreas hormones
cose
Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by in-
hibiting secretion of glucagon and insulin
Melatonin - made from serotonin and regulates circadian
pineal gland hormone
rhythms
Thymosins - attect production and ditterentiation of T lym-
Thymus Gland Hormones
phocytes
How are glucagon and insulin alike? Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into
How are glucagon and insulin ditterent? glucose and insulin promotes the formation of glycogen
from glucose
Diabetes insipitus - a person is insatiably thirsty and has
large amounts of urine output
