Santa Fe College MCB 2000 Microbiology | Final Exam Review & Complete Questions with Answers
INTRO to organisms 3 questions
3 types of chemical bonds: a.)covalent
b.)hydrogen
c.)Ionic
Macromolecules are polymers made up of small repeating units called monomers.
Polysaccharides contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.they play major roles in the cell, because
they serve as storage of excess energy, and play a structural role, providing shape
to the cell.
lipids can contain both hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (nonpolar) properties, which
makes them ideal for cell membranes.
MACROMOLECULES 5 questions
amino acids The monomers of proteins are
Nucleic acids are important informational macromolecules: the sequence of the monomers carries
genetic information
. The feature that distinguishes an organic from inorganic that organic molecules contain .carbon-hydrogen bonds, whereas inorganic
molecule is molecules do not.
The four major classes of organic molecules include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
how to calculate H+ concentration from PH -log[H]= ph or
log (1/[h])
DNA structure double helix, with the two strands of the helix running in opposite direction. The
monomers of the DNA molecule are nucleotides (phosphate-‐‐sugar backbones with
bases attached), and the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds (2
between A and T, 3 between C and G). From the order of the bases of one strand,
the order of the bases on the complementary strand can be determined, keeping in
mind that the strands run in opposite directions. The direction of a DNA strand is by
convention from the 5'-‐‐end to the 3'-‐‐end, and DNA sequence is always written in
that order
RNA structure single‐stranded in its native form.
Eukaryotic chromosomes reside in the nucleus, are linear, tightly packed around proteins called histones, and
coiled into thick chromosomes, 2 copies of each chromosome (diploid
,Santa Fe College MCB 2000 Microbiology | Final Exam Review & Complete Questions with Answers
Prokaryotes chromosomes are haploid: they have only one of each gene per location (although they can have
multiple copies of the same gene in different locations of the genome).
GENETICS 3 questions
Translation s the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the
relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding
amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the
sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein. Here is a
more complete definition of translation:
Transcription is the first step in decoding a cell's genetic information. it is the process of making
an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA)
molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it directs the
synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription:
gene is a stretch of DNA that contains the code for one protein.
promoter region The region just before the gene, which is not part of the gene, but regulates whether
the gene (or a stretch of sequential genes, an operon) is transcribed into RNA.
prokaryotic cell wall/structure/appendeges and spores
6 shapoes that prokaryotes exsist in coccus, coccobacillus, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete, and vibrio. Pleiomorphic
bacteria
microbial metabolism 3 questions
reactions are more likely to occur if when the molecules are closer together, when they move faster, and when their
reactive functional groups are oriented toward each other.
PROKARYOTIC CELL ANATOMY: structure, cell wall 7 questions
characteristics and their functions . appendeges and
spores?
Enzymes catalyze (=assist) reactions in cells, by lowering the activation energy necessary for
the reactions to occur. They do this by binding specifically to a substrate (think how
a lock and key are specific to one another), which positions the reactant in just the
right orientation, and distance for the reaction to occur. Enzymes sometimes use
co-‐‐ factors (inorganic) or co-‐‐enzymes (organic) to catalyze reactions.
Enzymes can be regulated at two levels the amount of enzyme present, and enzyme activity.
Co‐factors or co‐enzymes can bind to allosteric sites on the enzyme and affect activity
, Santa Fe College MCB 2000 Microbiology | Final Exam Review & Complete Questions with Answers
Covalent modification occurs when molecules are covalently bonded to an enzyme affecting the enzyme's
function
Inhibition. Some other compound interacts with the enzyme so that the enzyme can no longer
perform.
competitive inhibition, a molecule binds to the active site of the enzyme, thereby limiting how often the
correct substrate is bound, and thus slowing down the reaction rate.
non-competitive inhibition, a molecule binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme (not the active site), changing
the shape of the enzyme/active site in the process, and inactivating the enzyme.
Feedback inhibition occurs when the end product of an enzyme or pathway binds to an enzyme early on
in the pathway and inhibits enzyme function. It prevents the continued production of
a product if there's enough already.
compare and contrast the different metabolic pathways of glycolysis, kreb's cycle, Electron Transport Chain, etc.
microorganisms in presence and absence of oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration There is a lot of variation among microbes. Different e‐ acceptors are possible,
mostly inorganic molecules, occasionally organic molecules. This allows
microorganisms to adapt to a wide variety of environments, since these inorganic
compounds are relatively abundant. Bacteria that use anaerobic respiration
generate less ATP than those that use aerobic respiration, and tend to grow slower.
On the other hand, they are more efficient than fermenters.
metabolic diversity phototrophs, chemotrophs
Anabolism The energy generated by the cell is used to build macromolecules, such as
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Intermediates from the different
pathways such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are used as building blocks for
those larger molecules
aerobes : require oxygen
facultative anaerobes: grow better with oxygen, but can survive without oxygen.
microaerophiles : require a small amount of oxygen, do not grow when there is too much or no
oxygen
aerotolerant anaerobes grow equally well with and without oxygen
INTRO to organisms 3 questions
3 types of chemical bonds: a.)covalent
b.)hydrogen
c.)Ionic
Macromolecules are polymers made up of small repeating units called monomers.
Polysaccharides contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.they play major roles in the cell, because
they serve as storage of excess energy, and play a structural role, providing shape
to the cell.
lipids can contain both hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (nonpolar) properties, which
makes them ideal for cell membranes.
MACROMOLECULES 5 questions
amino acids The monomers of proteins are
Nucleic acids are important informational macromolecules: the sequence of the monomers carries
genetic information
. The feature that distinguishes an organic from inorganic that organic molecules contain .carbon-hydrogen bonds, whereas inorganic
molecule is molecules do not.
The four major classes of organic molecules include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
how to calculate H+ concentration from PH -log[H]= ph or
log (1/[h])
DNA structure double helix, with the two strands of the helix running in opposite direction. The
monomers of the DNA molecule are nucleotides (phosphate-‐‐sugar backbones with
bases attached), and the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds (2
between A and T, 3 between C and G). From the order of the bases of one strand,
the order of the bases on the complementary strand can be determined, keeping in
mind that the strands run in opposite directions. The direction of a DNA strand is by
convention from the 5'-‐‐end to the 3'-‐‐end, and DNA sequence is always written in
that order
RNA structure single‐stranded in its native form.
Eukaryotic chromosomes reside in the nucleus, are linear, tightly packed around proteins called histones, and
coiled into thick chromosomes, 2 copies of each chromosome (diploid
,Santa Fe College MCB 2000 Microbiology | Final Exam Review & Complete Questions with Answers
Prokaryotes chromosomes are haploid: they have only one of each gene per location (although they can have
multiple copies of the same gene in different locations of the genome).
GENETICS 3 questions
Translation s the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the
relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding
amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the
sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein. Here is a
more complete definition of translation:
Transcription is the first step in decoding a cell's genetic information. it is the process of making
an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA)
molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it directs the
synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription:
gene is a stretch of DNA that contains the code for one protein.
promoter region The region just before the gene, which is not part of the gene, but regulates whether
the gene (or a stretch of sequential genes, an operon) is transcribed into RNA.
prokaryotic cell wall/structure/appendeges and spores
6 shapoes that prokaryotes exsist in coccus, coccobacillus, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete, and vibrio. Pleiomorphic
bacteria
microbial metabolism 3 questions
reactions are more likely to occur if when the molecules are closer together, when they move faster, and when their
reactive functional groups are oriented toward each other.
PROKARYOTIC CELL ANATOMY: structure, cell wall 7 questions
characteristics and their functions . appendeges and
spores?
Enzymes catalyze (=assist) reactions in cells, by lowering the activation energy necessary for
the reactions to occur. They do this by binding specifically to a substrate (think how
a lock and key are specific to one another), which positions the reactant in just the
right orientation, and distance for the reaction to occur. Enzymes sometimes use
co-‐‐ factors (inorganic) or co-‐‐enzymes (organic) to catalyze reactions.
Enzymes can be regulated at two levels the amount of enzyme present, and enzyme activity.
Co‐factors or co‐enzymes can bind to allosteric sites on the enzyme and affect activity
, Santa Fe College MCB 2000 Microbiology | Final Exam Review & Complete Questions with Answers
Covalent modification occurs when molecules are covalently bonded to an enzyme affecting the enzyme's
function
Inhibition. Some other compound interacts with the enzyme so that the enzyme can no longer
perform.
competitive inhibition, a molecule binds to the active site of the enzyme, thereby limiting how often the
correct substrate is bound, and thus slowing down the reaction rate.
non-competitive inhibition, a molecule binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme (not the active site), changing
the shape of the enzyme/active site in the process, and inactivating the enzyme.
Feedback inhibition occurs when the end product of an enzyme or pathway binds to an enzyme early on
in the pathway and inhibits enzyme function. It prevents the continued production of
a product if there's enough already.
compare and contrast the different metabolic pathways of glycolysis, kreb's cycle, Electron Transport Chain, etc.
microorganisms in presence and absence of oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration There is a lot of variation among microbes. Different e‐ acceptors are possible,
mostly inorganic molecules, occasionally organic molecules. This allows
microorganisms to adapt to a wide variety of environments, since these inorganic
compounds are relatively abundant. Bacteria that use anaerobic respiration
generate less ATP than those that use aerobic respiration, and tend to grow slower.
On the other hand, they are more efficient than fermenters.
metabolic diversity phototrophs, chemotrophs
Anabolism The energy generated by the cell is used to build macromolecules, such as
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Intermediates from the different
pathways such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are used as building blocks for
those larger molecules
aerobes : require oxygen
facultative anaerobes: grow better with oxygen, but can survive without oxygen.
microaerophiles : require a small amount of oxygen, do not grow when there is too much or no
oxygen
aerotolerant anaerobes grow equally well with and without oxygen
