NU 155 Exam 2 With
Questions And Well Verified
Answers Actual Exam!!!
2026
Pleurisy/ pleuritis: inflammation of the pleura - ANSWER -*causes:* infection,
medications, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis
*s/s:* sharp, abrupt! onset, most evident on inspiration, shallow breathing and pleural friction
rub
*Tx:* splint affected side during coughing for relief, intercostal nerve block for severe pleuritic
pain
vesicular breath sounds - ANSWER --heard in the 6th intercostal space over lung tissue
-sounds low medium pitched, soft whooshing 2-3x length of expiration
Bronchovescular breath sounds - ANSWER --heard main-stem bronchi, below clavicles,
beside sternum, posteriorly, between scapulae
-sounds like moderate high pitches hollow muffled
equal sounds on inspiration and expiration
Bronchial breath sounds - ANSWER --heard over trachea above sternal notch (often
indicate atelectasis)
-sounds high pitched, loud harsh tubular quality, inspiration half as long as expiration
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease): (PATHO, Dx, S/S, N/I, pt. teaching) -
ANSWER --combo of *chronic bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema*
-caused by: *tobacco smoke (90%)*, occupational hazards like farming, biomass fuels,
firefighters
, -*Dx*: chest X-ray, EKG, labs like high hematocrit, ABG
-*S/S*: dyspnea, barrel chest, polycythemia (high RBC), hypercapnia (high CO2), coughing up in
the morning
-*N/I* titrate o2 to 92%, bronchodilators, hydrate uncaffeinated liquids
-teach pt: avoid over eating, smaller bites, increase fluid and calcium, adequate protein, rest
before eating and meds, and avoid lying down after
Thyroid Storm (thyroid crisis) - ANSWER --*causes*: drugs or dyes with iodine,
pregnancy/child birth, M.I. or cardiac emergencies, severe emotional distress, trauma, surgery,
levothyroxine overdose
-*s/s*: 106ºF +, 200bpm, high b/p, tachypnea, HTN, restlessness, agitation, confusion, if
*untreated* delirium to coma to heart failure to death
-*Tx*: MUST begin as soon as symptoms occur!, reduce temp. slow HR, sedatives, increase
fluid avoid dehydration
DKA -VS- HHS - ANSWER -+DKA (Type 1): hyperglycemic crisis associated with elevated
ketones!
+HHS (Type 2): hyperglycemic crisis without association of ketones!
-*DKA:* BS >300mg/dL *HHS:* BS > 600mg/dL
*DKA* Ketonuria
-*HHS* Older adults at higher risk, and higher mortality r/t severe dehydration and extreme
hyperglycemia (than DKA)
-*DKA:* N/V, abdominal pain, rigidity *HHS:* NO GI NO KETOACIDOSIS
-*DKA:* Kussmaul breathing *HHS:* Seizures
-*DKA:* Acetone (fruit) breath *HHS:* Confusion
-*DKA:* Stupor or coma (late) *HHS:* Coma
epistaxis (nosebleed) - ANSWER --PATHO: anterior are more common!; crusting,
cracking, or irritation, trauma, HTN.
*S/S*: Bleeding from nose
*N/I*: Pinch below nose bone 10-15min.; cold compress/ice; ED if proceeds 15min. -> may use
balloon or gauze!
-pt teaching: sit forward apply pressure and pinch below nose 10-15min. and use ice, do not
tilt head back! (causes n/v)
Questions And Well Verified
Answers Actual Exam!!!
2026
Pleurisy/ pleuritis: inflammation of the pleura - ANSWER -*causes:* infection,
medications, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis
*s/s:* sharp, abrupt! onset, most evident on inspiration, shallow breathing and pleural friction
rub
*Tx:* splint affected side during coughing for relief, intercostal nerve block for severe pleuritic
pain
vesicular breath sounds - ANSWER --heard in the 6th intercostal space over lung tissue
-sounds low medium pitched, soft whooshing 2-3x length of expiration
Bronchovescular breath sounds - ANSWER --heard main-stem bronchi, below clavicles,
beside sternum, posteriorly, between scapulae
-sounds like moderate high pitches hollow muffled
equal sounds on inspiration and expiration
Bronchial breath sounds - ANSWER --heard over trachea above sternal notch (often
indicate atelectasis)
-sounds high pitched, loud harsh tubular quality, inspiration half as long as expiration
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease): (PATHO, Dx, S/S, N/I, pt. teaching) -
ANSWER --combo of *chronic bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema*
-caused by: *tobacco smoke (90%)*, occupational hazards like farming, biomass fuels,
firefighters
, -*Dx*: chest X-ray, EKG, labs like high hematocrit, ABG
-*S/S*: dyspnea, barrel chest, polycythemia (high RBC), hypercapnia (high CO2), coughing up in
the morning
-*N/I* titrate o2 to 92%, bronchodilators, hydrate uncaffeinated liquids
-teach pt: avoid over eating, smaller bites, increase fluid and calcium, adequate protein, rest
before eating and meds, and avoid lying down after
Thyroid Storm (thyroid crisis) - ANSWER --*causes*: drugs or dyes with iodine,
pregnancy/child birth, M.I. or cardiac emergencies, severe emotional distress, trauma, surgery,
levothyroxine overdose
-*s/s*: 106ºF +, 200bpm, high b/p, tachypnea, HTN, restlessness, agitation, confusion, if
*untreated* delirium to coma to heart failure to death
-*Tx*: MUST begin as soon as symptoms occur!, reduce temp. slow HR, sedatives, increase
fluid avoid dehydration
DKA -VS- HHS - ANSWER -+DKA (Type 1): hyperglycemic crisis associated with elevated
ketones!
+HHS (Type 2): hyperglycemic crisis without association of ketones!
-*DKA:* BS >300mg/dL *HHS:* BS > 600mg/dL
*DKA* Ketonuria
-*HHS* Older adults at higher risk, and higher mortality r/t severe dehydration and extreme
hyperglycemia (than DKA)
-*DKA:* N/V, abdominal pain, rigidity *HHS:* NO GI NO KETOACIDOSIS
-*DKA:* Kussmaul breathing *HHS:* Seizures
-*DKA:* Acetone (fruit) breath *HHS:* Confusion
-*DKA:* Stupor or coma (late) *HHS:* Coma
epistaxis (nosebleed) - ANSWER --PATHO: anterior are more common!; crusting,
cracking, or irritation, trauma, HTN.
*S/S*: Bleeding from nose
*N/I*: Pinch below nose bone 10-15min.; cold compress/ice; ED if proceeds 15min. -> may use
balloon or gauze!
-pt teaching: sit forward apply pressure and pinch below nose 10-15min. and use ice, do not
tilt head back! (causes n/v)
