PATHO 2 NURS 611 EXAM 2026 LATEST UPDATE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
A reflexive mechanism due to stimulation of the carotid sinus to the vagus nerve to the SA
node=causing the SA node to slow way down to that 30-40 beats per minute. - ANS-
Bradycardia in autonomic hyperreflexia is due to?
Developing autonomic hyperreflexia - ANS-You might see a question on the exam like this...A
man who sustained a cervical spinal cord injury 2 days ago suddenly develops severe
hypertension and bradycardia. He reports severe head pain and blurred vision. The most likely
explanation for these clinical manifestations is that he is?
mosty commonly seen in ICUs, post-surgically, or during withdrawal from CNS depressants
(alcohol, narotic agents) - ANS-Which person is at the greatest risk for developing delirium?
Delirium - ANS-___________________ is associated with autonomic nervous system over-
activity and typically develops in 2 to 3 days, most commonly in ICUs, post-surgically, or during
withdrawal from CNS depressants (alcohol, narcotic agents).
5-15 mm Hg - ANS-What is the normal intracranial pressure (in mm Hg)?
Memory, speech, decision making - ANS-Dementia is commonly characterized by the
deterioration in which abilities?
Dementia commonly characterized by: - ANS-Memory, speech, and decision making
,Cerebral functions - ANS-Dementia is the progressive failure (an acquired deterioration) of
many ________________ that include impairment of intellectual function with a decrease in
orienting, memory, language, executive attentional functions, and alterations in behavior.
Acute, suddenly, UTI - ANS-Delirium is _______, comes on _______ with the onset of
disorientation, incoherent, delusional, and usually caused by a _______.
Insidious, older - ANS-Dementia is _________ and usually affects ______ populations.
Post-mortem - ANS-The only way Alzheimer's Disease can be definitively diagnosed is
__________.
Alzheimer Disease-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, as well as neuronal and synaptic
losses in the brain. - ANS-Neurofibrillary tangles characterize which neurologic disorder?
Ischemic - ANS-Most common type of stroke is?
Diabetes, hypertension, ethnicity (African-American), high cholesterol, atrial fibrillation - ANS-
Contributing factors for stroke include?
Middle cerebral - ANS-Most common location of strokes is in the ________. Most dysphasias
are associated with cerebrovascular accidents involving which artery?
Dysphasias - ANS-________________are usually associated with a CVA involving the middle
cerebral artery or one of its many branches.
MCA-middle cerebral artery - ANS-NOTE: Interesting fact about the middle cerebral artery
(MCA) is, contralateral homophonous and hemi-agnosia...if the right side, the contralateral sort
they have right-sided homonymous agnosia, if they have right-sided think about what would be
,the left vision (it would be fine). So it is usually just on that one side that it is going to be
affected.
Opposite - ANS-Contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia is on the ___________ side of the
brain that is going to be affected.
Left-sided contralateral paralysis or paresis (greater in the foot and thigh) and mild upper
extremity weakness with mild contralateral lower extremity sensory deficiency with loss of
vibratory and/or position sense and loss of two-point discrimination. - ANS-Symptoms of an
embolic stroke in only the right anterior cerebral artery would include:
Anterior Cerebral - ANS-A right embolic CVA has resulted in left-sided paralysis and reduced
sensation of the left foot and leg. Which cerebral artery is most likely affected by the emboli?
Embolic - ANS-Atrial fibrillation, rheumatic heart disease, and valvular prosthetics are risk
factors for which type of stroke?
Embolic Stroke - ANS-High-risk sources for the onset of ____________ are a atrial fibrillation
(15% to 25% of strokes), left ventricular aneurysm or thrombus, left atrial thrombus, recent
myocardial infarction, rheumatic valvular disease, mechanical prosthetic valve, nonbacterial
thrombotic endocarditis, bacterial endocarditis, patent foramen ovale, and primary intracardiac
tumors.
Anosognosia, is ingnorance or denial of the existence of disease - ANS-Since his
cerebrovascular accident, a man has been denying his left hemiplegia. What term is used to
describe this finding?
Aphasia - ANS-What term describes the loss of the comprehension or production of language?
, Comprehend speech, but not verbally understand - ANS-With receptive dysphasia (fluent), the
individual is able to?
Tactile agnosia - ANS-After a cerebrovascular accident, a man is unable to either feel or identify
a comb with his eyes closed. This is an example of?
Parietal Lobe - ANS-Tactile agnosia is related to injury of which area of the brain?
Tactile agnosia - ANS-______________________________(astereognosis) is the inability to
recognize objects by touch as a result of damage to the parietal lobe.
Autoimmune - ANS-Guillain-Barre Syndrome is an __________ disease that is triggered by some
type of bacterial or viral infection.
Upper respiratory infection, Zika - ANS-GB typically starts from an ________________________.
Some studies are showing that it is linked to the ________ virus.
Multiple Sclerosis - ANS-_______________________ is another __automimmune_ disease
marked by _exacerbations_ and _remissions__.
Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS - ANS-What is the central component of the
pathogenic model of multiple sclerosis?
MS - ANS-Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS
MS - ANS-_________ is an automimmune disorder diffusely involving the degeneration of CNS
myelin and loss of axons.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
A reflexive mechanism due to stimulation of the carotid sinus to the vagus nerve to the SA
node=causing the SA node to slow way down to that 30-40 beats per minute. - ANS-
Bradycardia in autonomic hyperreflexia is due to?
Developing autonomic hyperreflexia - ANS-You might see a question on the exam like this...A
man who sustained a cervical spinal cord injury 2 days ago suddenly develops severe
hypertension and bradycardia. He reports severe head pain and blurred vision. The most likely
explanation for these clinical manifestations is that he is?
mosty commonly seen in ICUs, post-surgically, or during withdrawal from CNS depressants
(alcohol, narotic agents) - ANS-Which person is at the greatest risk for developing delirium?
Delirium - ANS-___________________ is associated with autonomic nervous system over-
activity and typically develops in 2 to 3 days, most commonly in ICUs, post-surgically, or during
withdrawal from CNS depressants (alcohol, narcotic agents).
5-15 mm Hg - ANS-What is the normal intracranial pressure (in mm Hg)?
Memory, speech, decision making - ANS-Dementia is commonly characterized by the
deterioration in which abilities?
Dementia commonly characterized by: - ANS-Memory, speech, and decision making
,Cerebral functions - ANS-Dementia is the progressive failure (an acquired deterioration) of
many ________________ that include impairment of intellectual function with a decrease in
orienting, memory, language, executive attentional functions, and alterations in behavior.
Acute, suddenly, UTI - ANS-Delirium is _______, comes on _______ with the onset of
disorientation, incoherent, delusional, and usually caused by a _______.
Insidious, older - ANS-Dementia is _________ and usually affects ______ populations.
Post-mortem - ANS-The only way Alzheimer's Disease can be definitively diagnosed is
__________.
Alzheimer Disease-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, as well as neuronal and synaptic
losses in the brain. - ANS-Neurofibrillary tangles characterize which neurologic disorder?
Ischemic - ANS-Most common type of stroke is?
Diabetes, hypertension, ethnicity (African-American), high cholesterol, atrial fibrillation - ANS-
Contributing factors for stroke include?
Middle cerebral - ANS-Most common location of strokes is in the ________. Most dysphasias
are associated with cerebrovascular accidents involving which artery?
Dysphasias - ANS-________________are usually associated with a CVA involving the middle
cerebral artery or one of its many branches.
MCA-middle cerebral artery - ANS-NOTE: Interesting fact about the middle cerebral artery
(MCA) is, contralateral homophonous and hemi-agnosia...if the right side, the contralateral sort
they have right-sided homonymous agnosia, if they have right-sided think about what would be
,the left vision (it would be fine). So it is usually just on that one side that it is going to be
affected.
Opposite - ANS-Contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia is on the ___________ side of the
brain that is going to be affected.
Left-sided contralateral paralysis or paresis (greater in the foot and thigh) and mild upper
extremity weakness with mild contralateral lower extremity sensory deficiency with loss of
vibratory and/or position sense and loss of two-point discrimination. - ANS-Symptoms of an
embolic stroke in only the right anterior cerebral artery would include:
Anterior Cerebral - ANS-A right embolic CVA has resulted in left-sided paralysis and reduced
sensation of the left foot and leg. Which cerebral artery is most likely affected by the emboli?
Embolic - ANS-Atrial fibrillation, rheumatic heart disease, and valvular prosthetics are risk
factors for which type of stroke?
Embolic Stroke - ANS-High-risk sources for the onset of ____________ are a atrial fibrillation
(15% to 25% of strokes), left ventricular aneurysm or thrombus, left atrial thrombus, recent
myocardial infarction, rheumatic valvular disease, mechanical prosthetic valve, nonbacterial
thrombotic endocarditis, bacterial endocarditis, patent foramen ovale, and primary intracardiac
tumors.
Anosognosia, is ingnorance or denial of the existence of disease - ANS-Since his
cerebrovascular accident, a man has been denying his left hemiplegia. What term is used to
describe this finding?
Aphasia - ANS-What term describes the loss of the comprehension or production of language?
, Comprehend speech, but not verbally understand - ANS-With receptive dysphasia (fluent), the
individual is able to?
Tactile agnosia - ANS-After a cerebrovascular accident, a man is unable to either feel or identify
a comb with his eyes closed. This is an example of?
Parietal Lobe - ANS-Tactile agnosia is related to injury of which area of the brain?
Tactile agnosia - ANS-______________________________(astereognosis) is the inability to
recognize objects by touch as a result of damage to the parietal lobe.
Autoimmune - ANS-Guillain-Barre Syndrome is an __________ disease that is triggered by some
type of bacterial or viral infection.
Upper respiratory infection, Zika - ANS-GB typically starts from an ________________________.
Some studies are showing that it is linked to the ________ virus.
Multiple Sclerosis - ANS-_______________________ is another __automimmune_ disease
marked by _exacerbations_ and _remissions__.
Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS - ANS-What is the central component of the
pathogenic model of multiple sclerosis?
MS - ANS-Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS
MS - ANS-_________ is an automimmune disorder diffusely involving the degeneration of CNS
myelin and loss of axons.
