NORTH AMERICAN VETERINARY LICENSING EXAMINATION
(NAVLE) | 2026/2027 LATEST UPDATED VERSION | QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+
A litter of 6 week old kittens is being evaluated because of intermittent soft stools with flecks of
blood. The kittens are confined in an unsanitary cage. Two direct fecal examinations show oocysts.
Which of the following is the most appropriate therapy?
dichlorvos
fenbendazol
ivermectin
piperazine
sulfadimethoxine -
ANSWER
sulfadiemthoxine (Albon, for coccidiosis)
On examination of the cranial nerves in a 3-year old female cat, the right pupil appears to be larger
than the left pupil. The right pupil shows no response when light is shone into either eye. The left
pupil constricts when light is shone into either eye. Mild ventrolateral strabismus is noted in the right
eye only. These findings are most consistent with a lesion at which of the following locations?
left occipital cortex
right occipita cortex
right optic (II) nerve
right oculomotor (III) nerve
right abducens (VI) nerve -
ANSWER
right oculomotor (III) nerve
A 4-year old second-lactation Holstein cow that is 150 days in milk has been in anestrus since calving.
On palpation of the rectum, a cystic structure that is 3cm in diameter is identified on the left ovary.
Administration of which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment?
Follicle-stimulating hormone followed by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in 15 days
,Gonadotropin-releasing hormone followed by prostaglandin in 15 days
Melengesterol acetate followed by prostaglandin in 19 days
Prostaglandin followed by melengestrol acetate in 19 days -
ANSWER
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone followed by prostaglandin in 15 days
A 10-year-old commercial beef cow has had a gradually diminished appetite and progressive weight
loss over the past two months. Feces are dry and scanty. She continues to drink water. Physical
examination shows distention of the left paralumbar fossa and ventral right abdominal wall. On
rectal palpation, the rumen is full of firm ingesta and the ventral sac extends to the right of midline
(L-shaped). Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?
Administration of bisthmuth subsalicylate with sucrose
Administraiton of magnesium hydroxide
Exploratory laparotomy
Salvage to slaughter
Surgical creation of a rumen fistual -
ANSWER
Salvage to slaughter
Fifteen percent to 20% of feedlot heifers that recently arrived from several auction markets are
anorectic. Physical examination of the heifers shows serous nasal and ocular discharge, short
explosive cough, and hyperemia of nasal mucosa. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Atypical interstitial pneumonia
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Mucosal disease
Pasturellosis
Mycoplasmosis -
ANSWER
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
A group of 1000 5-week-old pigs has experienced a 2% death loss since weaning two weeks ago.
most of the deaths were sudden; however, approximately 3% of the pigs showed clinical signs of
,lethargy, lameness, and labored breathing before dying. Postmortem examination of an affected pig
shows severe fibrinous pleuritis, pericarditis, and peritonitis. Which of the following is the most likely
causal organism?
Arcanobacterium suis
Escheria coli
Haemophilus parasuis
Salmonella cholerasuis
Streptococcus suis -
ANSWER
Haemophilus parasuis
A 9-week-old Rottweiler-mix puppy is beign evaluated because of an itchy rash around the lips and
eyelids. Temperature is 103.3*F. Physical examination shows swellign of the muzzle, pruritic,
exudative pustiles around the lips and eyelids, and swelling of the submandibular lymph nodes
bilaterally. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?
Cephalexin and prednisone
Clindamycin and carprofen
Enrofloxcin and etodolac
Topical amitraz
Topical betamethasone -
ANSWER
Cephalexin and prednisone
A 5-year old Simmental cow who is used as a donor for embryo transfer is evaluated because of the
acute onset of anorexia and lethargy. She has been flushed six times; the most recent flushing
occured 10 days ago. Rectal temperature is 104*F . During PE, the cow is reluctant to move and
periodically kicks at her abdomen. On rectal palpation, the left kidney is grossly enlarged and has a
smooth texture. When stimulated to urinate, the urine is grossly hematuric; numerous blood clots
and fibrin are present. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?
Administration of gentamicin intravenously
Administration of procaine penicillin G intramuscularly
Long-term catheterization of the bladder
, Surgical removal of the enlarged kidney
No treatment is indicated -
ANSWER
Administration of procaine penicillin G intramuscularly
In a mare, a 30-day pregnancy is most likely to be detected on rectal examination by which of the
following?
Absence of ovarian follicles
Palpation of the chorionic vesicle
Palpation of the corpus luteum
Palpation of the fetus
Slipping the fetal membranes -
ANSWER
Palpation of the chorionic vesicle
a 12-year old male budgerigar is evaluated because of a two-week history of progressive difficulty
gripping with the right foot. The client reports that during the past three days, the bird has stopped
using the foot entirely but he still flies around the house daily. On physical examination, mild
coelomic distention is palpated. The bird is standing on his perch using the left leg only. All toes of
the right food are pointing downward with no gripping capability. Which of the following is the most
likely cause of the paralysis?
Chronic heavy metal toxicity
Previous trauma
Renal neoplasm
Right-sided intervertebral disk disease
Severe arthritis -
ANSWER
Renal neoplasm
A 6-year-old male Cocker Spaniel dog has recurrent otitis externa. Microscopic examination of a
smear of purulent discharge from the ear shows large numbers of rod-shaped bacteria. Which of the
following is the most likely causative organism?
(NAVLE) | 2026/2027 LATEST UPDATED VERSION | QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+
A litter of 6 week old kittens is being evaluated because of intermittent soft stools with flecks of
blood. The kittens are confined in an unsanitary cage. Two direct fecal examinations show oocysts.
Which of the following is the most appropriate therapy?
dichlorvos
fenbendazol
ivermectin
piperazine
sulfadimethoxine -
ANSWER
sulfadiemthoxine (Albon, for coccidiosis)
On examination of the cranial nerves in a 3-year old female cat, the right pupil appears to be larger
than the left pupil. The right pupil shows no response when light is shone into either eye. The left
pupil constricts when light is shone into either eye. Mild ventrolateral strabismus is noted in the right
eye only. These findings are most consistent with a lesion at which of the following locations?
left occipital cortex
right occipita cortex
right optic (II) nerve
right oculomotor (III) nerve
right abducens (VI) nerve -
ANSWER
right oculomotor (III) nerve
A 4-year old second-lactation Holstein cow that is 150 days in milk has been in anestrus since calving.
On palpation of the rectum, a cystic structure that is 3cm in diameter is identified on the left ovary.
Administration of which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment?
Follicle-stimulating hormone followed by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in 15 days
,Gonadotropin-releasing hormone followed by prostaglandin in 15 days
Melengesterol acetate followed by prostaglandin in 19 days
Prostaglandin followed by melengestrol acetate in 19 days -
ANSWER
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone followed by prostaglandin in 15 days
A 10-year-old commercial beef cow has had a gradually diminished appetite and progressive weight
loss over the past two months. Feces are dry and scanty. She continues to drink water. Physical
examination shows distention of the left paralumbar fossa and ventral right abdominal wall. On
rectal palpation, the rumen is full of firm ingesta and the ventral sac extends to the right of midline
(L-shaped). Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?
Administration of bisthmuth subsalicylate with sucrose
Administraiton of magnesium hydroxide
Exploratory laparotomy
Salvage to slaughter
Surgical creation of a rumen fistual -
ANSWER
Salvage to slaughter
Fifteen percent to 20% of feedlot heifers that recently arrived from several auction markets are
anorectic. Physical examination of the heifers shows serous nasal and ocular discharge, short
explosive cough, and hyperemia of nasal mucosa. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Atypical interstitial pneumonia
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Mucosal disease
Pasturellosis
Mycoplasmosis -
ANSWER
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
A group of 1000 5-week-old pigs has experienced a 2% death loss since weaning two weeks ago.
most of the deaths were sudden; however, approximately 3% of the pigs showed clinical signs of
,lethargy, lameness, and labored breathing before dying. Postmortem examination of an affected pig
shows severe fibrinous pleuritis, pericarditis, and peritonitis. Which of the following is the most likely
causal organism?
Arcanobacterium suis
Escheria coli
Haemophilus parasuis
Salmonella cholerasuis
Streptococcus suis -
ANSWER
Haemophilus parasuis
A 9-week-old Rottweiler-mix puppy is beign evaluated because of an itchy rash around the lips and
eyelids. Temperature is 103.3*F. Physical examination shows swellign of the muzzle, pruritic,
exudative pustiles around the lips and eyelids, and swelling of the submandibular lymph nodes
bilaterally. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?
Cephalexin and prednisone
Clindamycin and carprofen
Enrofloxcin and etodolac
Topical amitraz
Topical betamethasone -
ANSWER
Cephalexin and prednisone
A 5-year old Simmental cow who is used as a donor for embryo transfer is evaluated because of the
acute onset of anorexia and lethargy. She has been flushed six times; the most recent flushing
occured 10 days ago. Rectal temperature is 104*F . During PE, the cow is reluctant to move and
periodically kicks at her abdomen. On rectal palpation, the left kidney is grossly enlarged and has a
smooth texture. When stimulated to urinate, the urine is grossly hematuric; numerous blood clots
and fibrin are present. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?
Administration of gentamicin intravenously
Administration of procaine penicillin G intramuscularly
Long-term catheterization of the bladder
, Surgical removal of the enlarged kidney
No treatment is indicated -
ANSWER
Administration of procaine penicillin G intramuscularly
In a mare, a 30-day pregnancy is most likely to be detected on rectal examination by which of the
following?
Absence of ovarian follicles
Palpation of the chorionic vesicle
Palpation of the corpus luteum
Palpation of the fetus
Slipping the fetal membranes -
ANSWER
Palpation of the chorionic vesicle
a 12-year old male budgerigar is evaluated because of a two-week history of progressive difficulty
gripping with the right foot. The client reports that during the past three days, the bird has stopped
using the foot entirely but he still flies around the house daily. On physical examination, mild
coelomic distention is palpated. The bird is standing on his perch using the left leg only. All toes of
the right food are pointing downward with no gripping capability. Which of the following is the most
likely cause of the paralysis?
Chronic heavy metal toxicity
Previous trauma
Renal neoplasm
Right-sided intervertebral disk disease
Severe arthritis -
ANSWER
Renal neoplasm
A 6-year-old male Cocker Spaniel dog has recurrent otitis externa. Microscopic examination of a
smear of purulent discharge from the ear shows large numbers of rod-shaped bacteria. Which of the
following is the most likely causative organism?
