NR 566 FINAL EXAM Questions with Verified Answers (Correct
Update)
Question 1: First-generation antihistamines
Answer: Diphenhydramine, Chlorpheniramine
Question 2: Side effects of first-generation antihistamines
Answer: Sedation (crosses BBB), Anticholinergic effects: Dry mouth, Constipation, Urinary retention,
Blurred vision, Tachycardia, Paradoxical excitation in children, Caution in elderly → fall risk
Question 3: Second-generation antihistamines
Answer: Loratadine, Cetirizine, Fexofenadine
Question 4: Side effects of second-generation antihistamines
Answer: Minimal sedation (do not cross BBB well), Longer duration of action, Preferred for chronic
allergic rhinitis
Question 5: Indications for antihistamines
Answer: Allergic rhinitis, Allergic conjunctivitis, Mild allergic reactions, Urticaria, Motion sickness (1st
gen)
Question 6: Mechanism of Action of antihistamines
Answer: Block H1 receptors, preventing histaminemediated allergic symptoms
Question 7: Lifespan considerations for antihistamines
Answer: Elderly - Avoid 1st gen due to sedation & anticholinergic effects, Children - Risk of
paradoxical excitation, Pregnancy/lactation - Loratadine often preferred
Question 8: Glucocorticoids patient education
Answer: Do not stop abruptly → risk of adrenal insufficiency, Take in the morning to mimic natural
cortisol secretion, Take with food to reduce GI irritation, Monitor blood glucose, Avoid infection
exposure
Question 9: Side effects of glucocorticoids
Answer: Hyperglycemia, Osteoporosis, Weight gain, Cushingoid symptoms, Mood changes,
Hypertension, Cataracts/glaucoma, Peptic ulcers
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, Question 10: Adverse effects of glucocorticoids
Answer: Adrenal suppression, Immunosuppression, GI bleeding, Psychosis
Question 11: Half-life of glucocorticoids
Answer: Long biologic half-life due to gene transcription changes
Question 12: Oseltamivir indication
Answer: Influenza A & B, Must begin within 48 hours of symptom onset
Question 13: Intranasal Cromolyn Sodium
Answer: Mast-cell stabilizer, Takes 1-2 weeks for effect, Administer 1 spray 4-6 times/day, Best for
prophylaxis, not fast relief
Question 14: Sympathomimetics
Answer: Phenylephrine, Pseudoephedrine
Question 15: Mechanism of action of sympathomimetics
Answer: Activate alpha-1 receptors → vasoconstriction → reduced nasal congestion
Question 16: Adverse effects of sympathomimetics
Answer: Rebound congestion (with prolonged intranasal use), Hypertension, Tachycardia, CNS
stimulation (pseudoephedrine)
Question 17: Intranasal corticosteroids indications
Answer: First-line for moderate-severe allergic rhinitis, Safe long term, Minimal systemic absorption,
Children: monitor growth with chronic use
Question 18: Prostaglandin Analogs
Answer: Latanoprost
Question 19: Side effects of Prostaglandin Analogs
Answer: Brown iris pigmentation, Eyelash growth, Mild stinging
Question 20: Ocular decongestants administration
Answer: Short-term only (e.g., tetrahydrozoline)
Page 2
Update)
Question 1: First-generation antihistamines
Answer: Diphenhydramine, Chlorpheniramine
Question 2: Side effects of first-generation antihistamines
Answer: Sedation (crosses BBB), Anticholinergic effects: Dry mouth, Constipation, Urinary retention,
Blurred vision, Tachycardia, Paradoxical excitation in children, Caution in elderly → fall risk
Question 3: Second-generation antihistamines
Answer: Loratadine, Cetirizine, Fexofenadine
Question 4: Side effects of second-generation antihistamines
Answer: Minimal sedation (do not cross BBB well), Longer duration of action, Preferred for chronic
allergic rhinitis
Question 5: Indications for antihistamines
Answer: Allergic rhinitis, Allergic conjunctivitis, Mild allergic reactions, Urticaria, Motion sickness (1st
gen)
Question 6: Mechanism of Action of antihistamines
Answer: Block H1 receptors, preventing histaminemediated allergic symptoms
Question 7: Lifespan considerations for antihistamines
Answer: Elderly - Avoid 1st gen due to sedation & anticholinergic effects, Children - Risk of
paradoxical excitation, Pregnancy/lactation - Loratadine often preferred
Question 8: Glucocorticoids patient education
Answer: Do not stop abruptly → risk of adrenal insufficiency, Take in the morning to mimic natural
cortisol secretion, Take with food to reduce GI irritation, Monitor blood glucose, Avoid infection
exposure
Question 9: Side effects of glucocorticoids
Answer: Hyperglycemia, Osteoporosis, Weight gain, Cushingoid symptoms, Mood changes,
Hypertension, Cataracts/glaucoma, Peptic ulcers
Page 1
, Question 10: Adverse effects of glucocorticoids
Answer: Adrenal suppression, Immunosuppression, GI bleeding, Psychosis
Question 11: Half-life of glucocorticoids
Answer: Long biologic half-life due to gene transcription changes
Question 12: Oseltamivir indication
Answer: Influenza A & B, Must begin within 48 hours of symptom onset
Question 13: Intranasal Cromolyn Sodium
Answer: Mast-cell stabilizer, Takes 1-2 weeks for effect, Administer 1 spray 4-6 times/day, Best for
prophylaxis, not fast relief
Question 14: Sympathomimetics
Answer: Phenylephrine, Pseudoephedrine
Question 15: Mechanism of action of sympathomimetics
Answer: Activate alpha-1 receptors → vasoconstriction → reduced nasal congestion
Question 16: Adverse effects of sympathomimetics
Answer: Rebound congestion (with prolonged intranasal use), Hypertension, Tachycardia, CNS
stimulation (pseudoephedrine)
Question 17: Intranasal corticosteroids indications
Answer: First-line for moderate-severe allergic rhinitis, Safe long term, Minimal systemic absorption,
Children: monitor growth with chronic use
Question 18: Prostaglandin Analogs
Answer: Latanoprost
Question 19: Side effects of Prostaglandin Analogs
Answer: Brown iris pigmentation, Eyelash growth, Mild stinging
Question 20: Ocular decongestants administration
Answer: Short-term only (e.g., tetrahydrozoline)
Page 2
