NR 565 - ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM -
CHAMBERLAIN | FROM QUESTION TO PERFECTION|
STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at risk for adverse drug reactions with
potential long term consequences? Answer: 1st trimester (fetus most at risk d/t rapid growth)
What is BEERS criteria? Answer: Recommendations of medications inappropriate for elderly
(65 and older), prescriber ultimately decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) Answer: liver enzyme system where medications are
metabolized, can either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug-drug interactions
CYP450 inducers Answer: Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug is cleared faster), drug has
lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450 enzymes
CYP450 inducers pneumonic Answer: "Bullshit Crap GPS INDUCES rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names Answer: Barbituates, St John wort, Carbamazepine, rifampin,
alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
CYP450 inhibitors Answer: inhibit metabolism, increase blood levels of medications
CYP450 pneumonic Answer: "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending on designers like CK
to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names Answer: Valproate, isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone,
chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic
properties of drugs? Answer: increase glomerular filtration rate leads to increase durg excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
Examples of medications that can be teratogenic Answer: Antiepileptic drugs, antimicrobials
such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large doses, some anticoagulants, and
hormonal medications such as diethylstilbestrol (DES).
How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates? Answer: slow and erratic
due to low blood flow in muscles first few days of life
Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy? Answer: delayed gastric
emptying
Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric patient? Answer: glucocorticoids,
discoloration of developing teeth with tetracyclines, and kernicterus with sulfonamides,
levofloxacin (antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
CHAMBERLAIN | FROM QUESTION TO PERFECTION|
STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at risk for adverse drug reactions with
potential long term consequences? Answer: 1st trimester (fetus most at risk d/t rapid growth)
What is BEERS criteria? Answer: Recommendations of medications inappropriate for elderly
(65 and older), prescriber ultimately decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) Answer: liver enzyme system where medications are
metabolized, can either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug-drug interactions
CYP450 inducers Answer: Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug is cleared faster), drug has
lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450 enzymes
CYP450 inducers pneumonic Answer: "Bullshit Crap GPS INDUCES rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names Answer: Barbituates, St John wort, Carbamazepine, rifampin,
alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
CYP450 inhibitors Answer: inhibit metabolism, increase blood levels of medications
CYP450 pneumonic Answer: "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending on designers like CK
to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names Answer: Valproate, isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone,
chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic
properties of drugs? Answer: increase glomerular filtration rate leads to increase durg excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
Examples of medications that can be teratogenic Answer: Antiepileptic drugs, antimicrobials
such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large doses, some anticoagulants, and
hormonal medications such as diethylstilbestrol (DES).
How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates? Answer: slow and erratic
due to low blood flow in muscles first few days of life
Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy? Answer: delayed gastric
emptying
Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric patient? Answer: glucocorticoids,
discoloration of developing teeth with tetracyclines, and kernicterus with sulfonamides,
levofloxacin (antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
