NSG 122 Fundamental Concepts HESI | Questions with
100% Verified Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: Evidence Based Practice
Answer: Evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing is a problem-solving approach to making
clinical decisions, using the best evidence available (considered "best" because it is
collected from sources such as published research, national standards and guidelines,
and reviews of targeted literature).
Question: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory Older Adults
Answer: Integrity vs. Despair
People in late adulthood reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a
sense of failure. People who feel proud of their accomplishments feel a sense of integrity,
and they can look back on their lives with few regrets.
Question: Droplet Precautions
Answer: Droplet Precautions:
Use a private room, if available. Door may remain open.
Wear PPE upon entry into the room for all interactions that may involve contact with the
patient and potentially contaminated areas in the patient's environment.
Transport patient out of room only when necessary and place a surgical mask on the
patient if possible.
Keep visitors 3 ft from the infected person.
Question: Why are masks beneficial with droplet precautions?
Answer: Masks help prevent the wearer from inhaling large-particle aerosols, which usually
travel
short distances (about 3 ft), and small-particle droplet nuclei, which can remain
suspended in the air and travel longer distances. Masks also protect the patient from the
respiratory secretions of the health care worker. Masks discourage the wearer from
touching the eyes, nose, and mouth, thus limiting contact of organisms with mucous
membranes.
Question: Cough Etiquette
Answer: Any patients, family members, and visitors with undiagnosed, transmissible
respiratory
infections require education to cover their mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing
and promptly dispose of the tissue. During periods of increased occurrence of
respiratory infections, offer a surgical mask to coughing patients and other symptomatic
people upon entry to the health care facility or office. Encourage the coughing patient to
maintain more than a 3-ft separation from other people in the health care facility or
office.
,Question: Factors Affecting Risk for Infection
Answer: Factors affecting the risk for infection include: integrity of mucous membranes, pH
levels
of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, immune response, age, sex, race, heredity,
level of fatigue, nutritional status, stress level, use of invasive or indwelling medical
devices and immunizations (natural or acquired)
Question: Abnormal Wound Drainage
Answer: Purulent drainage is made up of white blood cells, liquefied dead tissue debris, and
both
dead and live bacteria. Purulent drainage is thick, often has a musty or foul odor, and
varies in color (such as dark yellow or green), depending on the causative organism.
Question: Pressure Ulcer Stage 1
Answer: A stage 1 pressure injury is a defined, localized area of intact skin with nonblanchable
erythema (redness). Darkly pigmented skin may not have visible blanching; its color may
differ from the surrounding skin. The area may be painful, firm, soft, warmer, or cooler as
compared to adjacent tissue
Question: Pressure Ulcer Stage 2
Answer: A stage 2 pressure injury involves partial-thickness loss of dermis and presents as a
shallow, open ulcer or a ruptured/intact serum-filled blister
Question: Pressure Ulcer Stage 3
Answer: A stage 3 pressure injury presents with full-thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat
may be
visible and epibole (rolled wound edges) may occur, but bone, tendon, or muscle is not
exposed. Slough and/or eschar that may be present do not obscure the depth of tissue
loss. Ulcers
Question: Pressure Ulcer Stage 4
Answer: Stage 4 injuries involve full-thickness tissue loss with exposed or palpable bone,
cartilage, ligament, tendon, fascia, or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present on some
part of the wound bed; epibole, undermining, and/or tunneling often occur
Question: Wound Infection
Answer: Symptoms of infection include purulent drainage; increased drainage, pain, redness,
and
swelling in and around the wound; increased body temperature; and increased white
blood cell count. Additional signs and symptoms include delayed healing and
discoloration of granulation tissue in the wound
, Question: Braden Scale
Answer: Braden Scale: mental status, continence, mobility, activity, and nutrition
Using the Braden scale (VHMMN)
Lower to 9 Very high risk-V
10 to 12 High risk-H
13 to 14 Moderate risk-M
15 to 18 Mild risk-M
19 to 23 indicate No risk-N
Question: Heat Application
Answer: The application of heat accelerates the inflammatory response to promote healing.
The application of local heat dilates peripheral blood vessels, increases tissue
metabolism, reduces blood viscosity and increases capillary permeability, reduces
muscle tension, and helps relieve pain. Vasodilation increases local blood flow. In turn,
the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the area is increased, and venous congestion is
decreased
Careful on large parts of the body
Question: Dysnpea Positioning
Answer: High Fowler's Position because accessory muscles can easily be used to promote
respirations
Question: Partial Rebreather Mask
Answer: Low Flow 8-11L/min, set flow rate so the mask remains two thirds full during
inspiration,
keep reservoir bag free of twists or kinks
Question: Cyanosis
Answer: Cyanosis (bluish discoloration) of these areas indicates decreased blood flow or poor
blood oxygenation
Question: Fish Oil
Answer: Of all the natural products, fish oil and glucosamine, chondroitin, or a combination
supplement were the products most commonly used by adults in 2012.
Beneficial to many aspects of health; from muscle activity to cell growth.
Question: Ventrogluteal
Answer: The ventrogluteal site is recommended for general IM injections in adults
Question: Adult Ear Drop Administration
Answer: up and back
Question: Clear Liquid Diet
Answer: Clear liquids are transparent and liquid at room temperature. Example: apple juice,
popsicle, coffee tea, clear broth, gelatin, clear fruit juice like apple, cranberry, and grape.
100% Verified Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: Evidence Based Practice
Answer: Evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing is a problem-solving approach to making
clinical decisions, using the best evidence available (considered "best" because it is
collected from sources such as published research, national standards and guidelines,
and reviews of targeted literature).
Question: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory Older Adults
Answer: Integrity vs. Despair
People in late adulthood reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a
sense of failure. People who feel proud of their accomplishments feel a sense of integrity,
and they can look back on their lives with few regrets.
Question: Droplet Precautions
Answer: Droplet Precautions:
Use a private room, if available. Door may remain open.
Wear PPE upon entry into the room for all interactions that may involve contact with the
patient and potentially contaminated areas in the patient's environment.
Transport patient out of room only when necessary and place a surgical mask on the
patient if possible.
Keep visitors 3 ft from the infected person.
Question: Why are masks beneficial with droplet precautions?
Answer: Masks help prevent the wearer from inhaling large-particle aerosols, which usually
travel
short distances (about 3 ft), and small-particle droplet nuclei, which can remain
suspended in the air and travel longer distances. Masks also protect the patient from the
respiratory secretions of the health care worker. Masks discourage the wearer from
touching the eyes, nose, and mouth, thus limiting contact of organisms with mucous
membranes.
Question: Cough Etiquette
Answer: Any patients, family members, and visitors with undiagnosed, transmissible
respiratory
infections require education to cover their mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing
and promptly dispose of the tissue. During periods of increased occurrence of
respiratory infections, offer a surgical mask to coughing patients and other symptomatic
people upon entry to the health care facility or office. Encourage the coughing patient to
maintain more than a 3-ft separation from other people in the health care facility or
office.
,Question: Factors Affecting Risk for Infection
Answer: Factors affecting the risk for infection include: integrity of mucous membranes, pH
levels
of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, immune response, age, sex, race, heredity,
level of fatigue, nutritional status, stress level, use of invasive or indwelling medical
devices and immunizations (natural or acquired)
Question: Abnormal Wound Drainage
Answer: Purulent drainage is made up of white blood cells, liquefied dead tissue debris, and
both
dead and live bacteria. Purulent drainage is thick, often has a musty or foul odor, and
varies in color (such as dark yellow or green), depending on the causative organism.
Question: Pressure Ulcer Stage 1
Answer: A stage 1 pressure injury is a defined, localized area of intact skin with nonblanchable
erythema (redness). Darkly pigmented skin may not have visible blanching; its color may
differ from the surrounding skin. The area may be painful, firm, soft, warmer, or cooler as
compared to adjacent tissue
Question: Pressure Ulcer Stage 2
Answer: A stage 2 pressure injury involves partial-thickness loss of dermis and presents as a
shallow, open ulcer or a ruptured/intact serum-filled blister
Question: Pressure Ulcer Stage 3
Answer: A stage 3 pressure injury presents with full-thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat
may be
visible and epibole (rolled wound edges) may occur, but bone, tendon, or muscle is not
exposed. Slough and/or eschar that may be present do not obscure the depth of tissue
loss. Ulcers
Question: Pressure Ulcer Stage 4
Answer: Stage 4 injuries involve full-thickness tissue loss with exposed or palpable bone,
cartilage, ligament, tendon, fascia, or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present on some
part of the wound bed; epibole, undermining, and/or tunneling often occur
Question: Wound Infection
Answer: Symptoms of infection include purulent drainage; increased drainage, pain, redness,
and
swelling in and around the wound; increased body temperature; and increased white
blood cell count. Additional signs and symptoms include delayed healing and
discoloration of granulation tissue in the wound
, Question: Braden Scale
Answer: Braden Scale: mental status, continence, mobility, activity, and nutrition
Using the Braden scale (VHMMN)
Lower to 9 Very high risk-V
10 to 12 High risk-H
13 to 14 Moderate risk-M
15 to 18 Mild risk-M
19 to 23 indicate No risk-N
Question: Heat Application
Answer: The application of heat accelerates the inflammatory response to promote healing.
The application of local heat dilates peripheral blood vessels, increases tissue
metabolism, reduces blood viscosity and increases capillary permeability, reduces
muscle tension, and helps relieve pain. Vasodilation increases local blood flow. In turn,
the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the area is increased, and venous congestion is
decreased
Careful on large parts of the body
Question: Dysnpea Positioning
Answer: High Fowler's Position because accessory muscles can easily be used to promote
respirations
Question: Partial Rebreather Mask
Answer: Low Flow 8-11L/min, set flow rate so the mask remains two thirds full during
inspiration,
keep reservoir bag free of twists or kinks
Question: Cyanosis
Answer: Cyanosis (bluish discoloration) of these areas indicates decreased blood flow or poor
blood oxygenation
Question: Fish Oil
Answer: Of all the natural products, fish oil and glucosamine, chondroitin, or a combination
supplement were the products most commonly used by adults in 2012.
Beneficial to many aspects of health; from muscle activity to cell growth.
Question: Ventrogluteal
Answer: The ventrogluteal site is recommended for general IM injections in adults
Question: Adult Ear Drop Administration
Answer: up and back
Question: Clear Liquid Diet
Answer: Clear liquids are transparent and liquid at room temperature. Example: apple juice,
popsicle, coffee tea, clear broth, gelatin, clear fruit juice like apple, cranberry, and grape.
