STUDY NOTES & REFERENCE GUIDE
STUDY GUIDE
COURSEROOMSITY ‐ Stuvia | Page 1 of 498
, STUDY NOTES & REFERENCE GUIDE
Preface v
Introduction vi
Unit I The Body as a Whole 1
1. Organization of the Human Body 2
2. Chemistry, Matter, and Life 20
3. Cells and Their Functions 37
4. Tissues, Glands, and Membranes 55
Unit II Disease and the First Line of Defense 75
5. Disease and Disease-Producing Organisms 76
6. The Integumentary System 96
Unit III Movement and Support 113
7. The Skeleton: Bones and Joints 114
8. The Muscular System 145
Unit IV Coordination and Control 169
9. The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 170
10. The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves 188
11. The Sensory System 209
12. The Endocrine System: Glands and Hormones 230
Unit V Circulation and Body Defense 247
13. The Blood 248
14. The Heart and Heart Disease 267
15. Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation 287
16. The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Tissue 313
17. Immunity 327
Unit VI Energy: Supply and Use 345
18. The Respiratory System 346
19. The Digestive System 365
20. Metabolism, Nutrition, and Body Temperature 391
21. Body Fluids 406
22. The Urinary System 420
Unit VII Perpetuation of Life 443
23. The Male and Female Reproductive Systems 444
24. Development and Birth 466
25. Heredity and Hereditary Diseases 482
viii
COURSEROOMSITY ‐ Stuvia | Page 2 of 498
@
, STUDY NOTES & REFERENCE GUIDE
I
UNIT
The Body as a Whole
CHAPTER 1 u Organization of the Human Body
CHAPTER 2 u Chemistry, Matter, and Life
CHAPTER 3 u Cells and Their Functions
CHAPTER 4 u Tissues, Glands, and Membranes
COURSEROOMSITY ‐ Stuvia | Page 3 of 498
, STUDY NOTES & REFERENCE GUIDE
1
CHAPTE
R Organization of the Human Body
Overview
Anatomy is the study of body struc-
ture, whereas physiology is the study
of how the body functions. Anything
that disrupts normal body structure or
function is a disease, and the study of
disease is called pathology.
Living things ar e or ganized fr om
simple to complex levels. The simplest
living form is the cell, the basic unit of
life. Specialized cells ar e grouped into
tissues, which in turn ar e combined
to form organs; these organs form sys-
tems, which work together to maintain
the body.
The systems are the
. Integumentary system, the body’ s
covering
. Skeletal system, the framework of
the body
. Muscular system, which moves the
bones and the skin of the face
. Nervous system, the central control
system that includes the or gans of
the sensory system
. Endocrine system, which produces
regulatory hormones
. Cardiovascular system, consisting
of the heart and blood vessels, act -
ing to transport vital substances
. Lymphatic system, which includes
vessels that r eturn tissue fluids
to blood and or gans that house
immune cells
. Respiratory system, which adds
oxygen to the blood and r emoves
carbon dioxide
COURSEROOMSITY ‐ Stuvia | Page 4 of 498
STUDY GUIDE
COURSEROOMSITY ‐ Stuvia | Page 1 of 498
, STUDY NOTES & REFERENCE GUIDE
Preface v
Introduction vi
Unit I The Body as a Whole 1
1. Organization of the Human Body 2
2. Chemistry, Matter, and Life 20
3. Cells and Their Functions 37
4. Tissues, Glands, and Membranes 55
Unit II Disease and the First Line of Defense 75
5. Disease and Disease-Producing Organisms 76
6. The Integumentary System 96
Unit III Movement and Support 113
7. The Skeleton: Bones and Joints 114
8. The Muscular System 145
Unit IV Coordination and Control 169
9. The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 170
10. The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves 188
11. The Sensory System 209
12. The Endocrine System: Glands and Hormones 230
Unit V Circulation and Body Defense 247
13. The Blood 248
14. The Heart and Heart Disease 267
15. Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation 287
16. The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Tissue 313
17. Immunity 327
Unit VI Energy: Supply and Use 345
18. The Respiratory System 346
19. The Digestive System 365
20. Metabolism, Nutrition, and Body Temperature 391
21. Body Fluids 406
22. The Urinary System 420
Unit VII Perpetuation of Life 443
23. The Male and Female Reproductive Systems 444
24. Development and Birth 466
25. Heredity and Hereditary Diseases 482
viii
COURSEROOMSITY ‐ Stuvia | Page 2 of 498
@
, STUDY NOTES & REFERENCE GUIDE
I
UNIT
The Body as a Whole
CHAPTER 1 u Organization of the Human Body
CHAPTER 2 u Chemistry, Matter, and Life
CHAPTER 3 u Cells and Their Functions
CHAPTER 4 u Tissues, Glands, and Membranes
COURSEROOMSITY ‐ Stuvia | Page 3 of 498
, STUDY NOTES & REFERENCE GUIDE
1
CHAPTE
R Organization of the Human Body
Overview
Anatomy is the study of body struc-
ture, whereas physiology is the study
of how the body functions. Anything
that disrupts normal body structure or
function is a disease, and the study of
disease is called pathology.
Living things ar e or ganized fr om
simple to complex levels. The simplest
living form is the cell, the basic unit of
life. Specialized cells ar e grouped into
tissues, which in turn ar e combined
to form organs; these organs form sys-
tems, which work together to maintain
the body.
The systems are the
. Integumentary system, the body’ s
covering
. Skeletal system, the framework of
the body
. Muscular system, which moves the
bones and the skin of the face
. Nervous system, the central control
system that includes the or gans of
the sensory system
. Endocrine system, which produces
regulatory hormones
. Cardiovascular system, consisting
of the heart and blood vessels, act -
ing to transport vital substances
. Lymphatic system, which includes
vessels that r eturn tissue fluids
to blood and or gans that house
immune cells
. Respiratory system, which adds
oxygen to the blood and r emoves
carbon dioxide
COURSEROOMSITY ‐ Stuvia | Page 4 of 498
