NUR 2063 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
,Fight or flight hormones o Epinephrine, cortisol, glucocorticoids o Alarm, resistance, and
exhaustion phases
o Increased glucose, tachycardia, dilated pupils, high BP
• Homeostasis
o A state of balance among all body systems needed for the body to survive and
function correctly.
• Ribosomes
o Site of protein synthesis
• Glucagon
o A hormone that is released to raise your glucose levels.
• Endocrine system releases o Hormones
• Causes of edema o Albumin (plasma protein) o Increased capillary hydrostatic
pressure o Decreased plasma oncotic pressure o Increased capillary permeability o
Lymphatic obstruction
• Intracellular fluid-contains what?
o Fluid within the cells o Potassium and phosphate and magnesium o
Constitutes 2/3 total body fluid.
• Extracellular fluid-contains what?
o fluid outside the cells o contains sodium and chloride and carbon.
o constitutes 1/3 total body fluid.
• Hyponatremia-leads to what?
o Cerebral edema may occur with severe or acute hyponatremia.
o Water enters the brain and swelling occurs.
• Hypovolemia-leads to what? o Increase in level of blood solutes, cell shrinkage, and
hypotension.
• Definitions:
o Contraindication – a reason for a person to not receive a particular treatment or
procedure because it may be harmful. o Sign – any physical evidence of a
disease
o Symptoms – a physical or mental problem a person experiences that may
indicate a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show on
medical tests.
o Subjective data – information gathered from the client’s point of view including
symptoms, perceptions, and concerns.
o Objective data – physical data we can observe using our senses.
• Normal Ranges: o Sodium 135-145 o Potassium 3.5-5 o Phosphorus 2.5-4.5 o
Chloride 95-100
o Magnesium 1.7-2.2
o *Electrolytes are stored in the bones
, • Fluid overload: what would this look like in a patient?
o Edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse, tachycardia, hypertension, polyuria, rapid
weight gain, crackles, bulging fontanelles.
• Insensible water loss o The amount of body fluid lost daily that is not easily measured
from the respiratory system, skin, and water excreted in stool.
o Tachypnea, sweating.
• Hypotonic solution
o Lower solute concentrations, causing fluid to shift out.
• Isotonic solution o equal solute concentrations, causes no fluid shifts.
• Osmosis
o passive movement of water/solvent across membrane towards higher
concentrations (osmotic pressure)
o movement between the intracellular and interstitial compartments o Lysis and
crenation
• ABGs
o pH: 7.35-7.45 o HCO3: 22-26 o PaO2: 80-100 o PaCO2: 45-35
• Diffusion
o Electrolytes moving across the capillary wall.
o movement of solutes towards lower solute concentrations
• Hypernatremia and increased serum osmolality leads to what?
o Fluid shifts
• What do the lungs do?
o Move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases. o Remove carbon
and carbonic acids. o Levels acid base balances
CANCER
• Define sepsis.
o The body’s inflammatory response
• Best way to prevent infection.
o Hand washing
• Histamines-release leads to what?
o Vasodilation o They release in response to nasal congestion.
• Prostaglandins-release leas to what?
o They are released in response to injury or infection and cause inflammation.
o You would see hives and itchy skin when released.
• Signs that Homeostasis may be thrown off.
o Vital signs
• Cellulitis-describe…what’s going on?
,Fight or flight hormones o Epinephrine, cortisol, glucocorticoids o Alarm, resistance, and
exhaustion phases
o Increased glucose, tachycardia, dilated pupils, high BP
• Homeostasis
o A state of balance among all body systems needed for the body to survive and
function correctly.
• Ribosomes
o Site of protein synthesis
• Glucagon
o A hormone that is released to raise your glucose levels.
• Endocrine system releases o Hormones
• Causes of edema o Albumin (plasma protein) o Increased capillary hydrostatic
pressure o Decreased plasma oncotic pressure o Increased capillary permeability o
Lymphatic obstruction
• Intracellular fluid-contains what?
o Fluid within the cells o Potassium and phosphate and magnesium o
Constitutes 2/3 total body fluid.
• Extracellular fluid-contains what?
o fluid outside the cells o contains sodium and chloride and carbon.
o constitutes 1/3 total body fluid.
• Hyponatremia-leads to what?
o Cerebral edema may occur with severe or acute hyponatremia.
o Water enters the brain and swelling occurs.
• Hypovolemia-leads to what? o Increase in level of blood solutes, cell shrinkage, and
hypotension.
• Definitions:
o Contraindication – a reason for a person to not receive a particular treatment or
procedure because it may be harmful. o Sign – any physical evidence of a
disease
o Symptoms – a physical or mental problem a person experiences that may
indicate a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show on
medical tests.
o Subjective data – information gathered from the client’s point of view including
symptoms, perceptions, and concerns.
o Objective data – physical data we can observe using our senses.
• Normal Ranges: o Sodium 135-145 o Potassium 3.5-5 o Phosphorus 2.5-4.5 o
Chloride 95-100
o Magnesium 1.7-2.2
o *Electrolytes are stored in the bones
, • Fluid overload: what would this look like in a patient?
o Edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse, tachycardia, hypertension, polyuria, rapid
weight gain, crackles, bulging fontanelles.
• Insensible water loss o The amount of body fluid lost daily that is not easily measured
from the respiratory system, skin, and water excreted in stool.
o Tachypnea, sweating.
• Hypotonic solution
o Lower solute concentrations, causing fluid to shift out.
• Isotonic solution o equal solute concentrations, causes no fluid shifts.
• Osmosis
o passive movement of water/solvent across membrane towards higher
concentrations (osmotic pressure)
o movement between the intracellular and interstitial compartments o Lysis and
crenation
• ABGs
o pH: 7.35-7.45 o HCO3: 22-26 o PaO2: 80-100 o PaCO2: 45-35
• Diffusion
o Electrolytes moving across the capillary wall.
o movement of solutes towards lower solute concentrations
• Hypernatremia and increased serum osmolality leads to what?
o Fluid shifts
• What do the lungs do?
o Move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases. o Remove carbon
and carbonic acids. o Levels acid base balances
CANCER
• Define sepsis.
o The body’s inflammatory response
• Best way to prevent infection.
o Hand washing
• Histamines-release leads to what?
o Vasodilation o They release in response to nasal congestion.
• Prostaglandins-release leas to what?
o They are released in response to injury or infection and cause inflammation.
o You would see hives and itchy skin when released.
• Signs that Homeostasis may be thrown off.
o Vital signs
• Cellulitis-describe…what’s going on?
