COMSAE CERTIFICATION EVALUATION
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS STUDY GUIDE
●● expectation bias
Answer: Definition:
Researchers expect a certain result and unconsciously influence
measurements or interpretations.
Example:
Knowing a patient received a new treatment and rating them as
"improved."
●● Information Bias
Answer: Definition:
Data are collected inaccurately.
Examples:
faulty records
poor measurements
misclassification
●● Observer bias
,Answer: Definition:
The person collecting data influences the outcome.
Example:
Radiologist knows which patients received treatment.
●● Recall bias
Answer: Occurs when patients remember past events differently.
Classic example:
Case-control study asking mothers whether they took medications
during pregnancy.
●● Case-control study
Answer: A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals
with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals
without the disease, referred to as controls
Retrospective study, look backwards
Great for rare diseases , limited resources
●● urge incontinence
,Answer: Urge incontinence (often called overactive bladder) is a sudden,
uncontrollable need to pee that often results in leakage before reaching
the restroom. It is typically caused by overactive bladder muscles
squeezing at the wrong time
TX
- bladder training
- pelvic floor exercises
- Beta 3 agonist = Mirabegron
- Anticholinergic = Oxybutynin
●● stress incontinence
Answer: the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical
stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing
Urine leaks when physical pressure is exerted on the bladder.
Triggers: Coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, or lifting heavy
objects.
Cause: Weakened pelvic floor muscles or a weakened sphincter
TX: pelvic floor exercises, PT, lifestyle mods, Pessaries and Bladder
supports, Sling surgery
●● overflow incontinence
, Answer: Frequent or constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that
doesn't empty completely.
Triggers: Constant or intermittent leakage of small amounts of urine.
Cause: The bladder is overfilled, often because of a blockage (like an
enlarged prostate) or weak bladder muscles
TX: catherization
- if something is blocking (ex enlarged prostate) = give Alpha blockers
(Tamsulosin, doxazosin)
●● functional incontinence
Answer: What it is: You have normal bladder control, but physical or
mental impairments prevent you from reaching the toilet in time.
Triggers: Difficulty unbuttoning pants or moving quickly enough.
Cause: Conditions like severe arthritis, dementia, or immobility
●● organisms sickle cell anemia pt's are most susceptible to
Answer: The spleen is essential for clearing encapsulated bacteria.
Without a functioning spleen, patients are at high risk for infections
from:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae type b
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS STUDY GUIDE
●● expectation bias
Answer: Definition:
Researchers expect a certain result and unconsciously influence
measurements or interpretations.
Example:
Knowing a patient received a new treatment and rating them as
"improved."
●● Information Bias
Answer: Definition:
Data are collected inaccurately.
Examples:
faulty records
poor measurements
misclassification
●● Observer bias
,Answer: Definition:
The person collecting data influences the outcome.
Example:
Radiologist knows which patients received treatment.
●● Recall bias
Answer: Occurs when patients remember past events differently.
Classic example:
Case-control study asking mothers whether they took medications
during pregnancy.
●● Case-control study
Answer: A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals
with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals
without the disease, referred to as controls
Retrospective study, look backwards
Great for rare diseases , limited resources
●● urge incontinence
,Answer: Urge incontinence (often called overactive bladder) is a sudden,
uncontrollable need to pee that often results in leakage before reaching
the restroom. It is typically caused by overactive bladder muscles
squeezing at the wrong time
TX
- bladder training
- pelvic floor exercises
- Beta 3 agonist = Mirabegron
- Anticholinergic = Oxybutynin
●● stress incontinence
Answer: the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical
stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing
Urine leaks when physical pressure is exerted on the bladder.
Triggers: Coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, or lifting heavy
objects.
Cause: Weakened pelvic floor muscles or a weakened sphincter
TX: pelvic floor exercises, PT, lifestyle mods, Pessaries and Bladder
supports, Sling surgery
●● overflow incontinence
, Answer: Frequent or constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that
doesn't empty completely.
Triggers: Constant or intermittent leakage of small amounts of urine.
Cause: The bladder is overfilled, often because of a blockage (like an
enlarged prostate) or weak bladder muscles
TX: catherization
- if something is blocking (ex enlarged prostate) = give Alpha blockers
(Tamsulosin, doxazosin)
●● functional incontinence
Answer: What it is: You have normal bladder control, but physical or
mental impairments prevent you from reaching the toilet in time.
Triggers: Difficulty unbuttoning pants or moving quickly enough.
Cause: Conditions like severe arthritis, dementia, or immobility
●● organisms sickle cell anemia pt's are most susceptible to
Answer: The spleen is essential for clearing encapsulated bacteria.
Without a functioning spleen, patients are at high risk for infections
from:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae type b
