UNC EXSS 256 Exam 2 2026 – Study Guide, Exam Review & Key Concepts

UNC,./EXSS,./256,./Exam,./2

1. Cells,./of,./the,./body,./are,./serviced,./by,./2,./fluids,,./they,./are....:,./blood,./and,./interstitial,./fluid
2. What,./is,./blood?:,./A,./(fully,./moveable),./tissue,./of,./the,./body
3. Physiological, . / Roles, . / of, . / Blood:, . / Gas,./Transport,,./Nutrient,./Transport,,./Waste,./Removal/Transport,,./Te
mper-ature,./Regulation,,./Immunological,./Defense,,./Protection,./from,./Disease/Fluid,./Loss
4. Physical,./Characteristics,./of,./Blood,./(compared,./to,./water):,./Thicker,./than,./water,,./flows,./mo
re,./slowly,./than,./water,,./8%,./of,./total,./body,./weight
5. Average,./Blood,./Volume,./in,./a,./Person:,./5-6L,./in,./males,,./4-5L,./in,./females
6. Is,./blood,./part,./of,./the,./positive,./or,./negative,./hormonal,./feedback,./system?:,./Negativ
e,./Feedback,./System,./(maintains,./constant,./blood,./volume,./and,./pressure)
7. Components, . / of, . / Blood:, . / 55%,./plasma,,./45%,./RBCs
8. Components,./of,./Blood,./Plasma:,./>90%,./water,,./7%,./plasma,./protein,,./2%,./other,./substances
9. Plasma,./Proteins,./are,./created,./in,./the,./ and,./confined,./to,./the,./
:,./liver,,./bloodstream
10. Globulins, . / (immunoglobulins):, . / antibodies,./bind,./to,./foreign,./substances,./called,./antigens,,./form,.
/anti-gen-antibody,./complexes


11. Albumin:,./maintain,./blood,./osmotic,./pressure
12. Fibrinogen:, . / Involved,./in,./clotting
13. Enthrocytes:,./Red,./Blood,./Cells,./(RBCs)
14. Normal,./RBC,./Count:,./males,./-
,./5.4,./million/drop,./females,./-,./4.8,./million/drop


15. At, . / what, . / rate, . / do, . / new, . / RBCs, . / enter, . / circulation?:, . / 2,./million/second
16. RBC, . / properties, . / for, . / carrying, . / gases:, . / Contain,./oxygen-carrying,./protein:,./Hemoglobin
- this,./gives,./blood,./its,./red,./color
- 1/3,./of,./the,./cell's,./weight,./is,./hemoglobin!
17. Biconave,./Disc:,./Approximation,./of,./the,./shape,./of,./an,./RBC
-increased, . / surface, . / area/volume, . / ratio
-no,./nucleus,./or,./other,./organelles
-no,./cell,./division,./or,./mitochondrial,./ATP,./formation
18. Hemoglobin,./molecules,./can,./each,./carry,./
oxygen,./molecules,./from,./lungs,./to,./tissue,./cells:,./4
19. What,./percentage,./of,./total,./CO2,./waste,./does,./Hemoglobin,./transport,./fro
m,./tissues,./to,./lungs,./for,./release?:,./23%
,./
,./

, UNC,./EXSS,./256,./Exam,./2

20. How,./many,./days,./do,./RBCs,./live?:,./120,./days
21. Why,./do,./RBCs,./have,./a,./short,./life,./span?:,./they,./wear,./out,./from,./bending,./to,./fit,./through,./capillaries,./
and,./no,./repair,./is,./possible,./due,./to,./their,./lack,./of,./organelles.
22. How, . / are, . / worn-out, . / RBCs, . / removed?:, . / macrophages,./in,./the,./spleen,./and,./liver
23. What,./happens,./to,./the,./breakdown,./products,./of,./RBCs?:,./they,./are,./recycled
24. Hematocrit:, . / Percentage,./of,./blood,./volume,./composed,./of,./RBCs
25. Hematocrit,./in,./Males,./vs,./Females:,./Males,./-,./40-
54%,./Females,./-,./38-46%
26. Induced, . / Polycythemia:, . / blood,./doping,,./altitude,./exposure
27. White,./Blood,./Cell,./(WBC),./Physiology:,./Fewer,./than,./RBCs,,./5,000-
10,000,./cells/drop,,./1,./WBC,./for,./every,./700,./RBCs
28. Functions,./of,./WBCs:,./Phagocytosis,,./combat,./paracitic,./worms,,./allergic,./reactions,,./inflammatory,./respon
se,,./destroy,./foreign,./invaders
29. Thrombocytes, . / (Platelets):, . / disc-shaped,,./2-4,./micron,./cell,./fragments,./with,./no,./nucleus
30. Normal, . / Platelet, . / Count:, . / 150,000-400,000/drop,./of,./blood
31. Responses,./to,./Blood,./Loss:,./Vascular,./Spasm,,./Platelet,./Plug,./Formation,,./Blood,./Clotting
32. Vascular, . / Spasm:, . / contraction,./of,./smooth,./muscle,./in,./arterioles,./or,./arteries
33. Platelet,./Plug,./Formation:,./Platelets,./circulate,./in,./inactive,./form,./then,./become,./active,./when,./there
,./is,./a,./vascular,./insult;,./accumulate,./and,./form,./plug


34. Blood,./Clotting:,./Granules,./contain,./chemical,./to,./promote,./clotting
35. Blood,./Clot:,./consists,./of,./a,./network,./of,./insoluble,./protein,./fibers,./called,./fibrin,./in,./which,./the,./formed,./elemen
ts,./are, . / trapped
36. Platelet,./Activation,./Extrinsic,./Pathway:,./rapid,./response,./pathway,./-
,./involves,./trauma,./to,./blood,./vessels,./or,./extravascular,./tissues




what,./we,./commonly,./see,./in,./response,./to,./when,./we,./have,./a,./scratch,./on,./our,./skin,./and,./bleeding,./occurs)
37. Platelet,./Activation,./Intrinsic,./Pathway:,./slower,./response,./pathway,./-
,./involves,./trauma,./to,./the,./blood,./itself,./or,./exposure,./of,./blood,./to,./collagen




what,./we,./typically,./associate,./with,./atherosclerotic,./plaque,./build-up,,./seen,./with,./hypertension
38. Type,. / A, . / Blood:, . / A,./antigens,./and,./anti-B,./antibodies
39. Type, . / B, . / Blood:, . / B,./antigens,./and,./anti-A,./antibodies
,./
,./