D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
Pressure that is due to albumin in the Oncotic
bloodstream?
Oncotic a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
In the blood, ____ is the most common albumin
plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary
determinant of oncotic pressure
_ __ controls osmotic pressure in vascular Albumin
system, builds volume
One question was about the difference in Possible answer: naive T cells
children and adult immunity
D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
,D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
Learning check question: Which differences Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat
in immunity make children and older adult infection
patients more susceptible to infections?
Choose 2 answers Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T
cells
Younger patients have fewer memory cells
to combat infection Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many
pathogens, which means that they have fewer memory cells
Older adult patients have a dwindling than adults. The primary immune response is relatively weak
population of naive T cells compared to a secondary response mediated by memory
cells.
Older adult patients have more memory
cells to combat infection Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to
younger patients. When these patients encounter novel
Younger patients have a large population of pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal
naive T cells selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be
effective.
Older adult patients have a large population
of naive T cells
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by osmoreceptors
_ ___ , which regulates actions such as thirst,
ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
Fluid deficit causes -Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
Fluid deficit risk factors -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
Fluid deficit manifestations -dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
ROME for ABGs Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is
pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is
respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in
nature
D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
,D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory 7.35-7.45
compensation help to maintain a blood pH
of _______
D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
, D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
A patient with a viral illness and severe Metabolic alkalosis
vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a
blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in
What condition does the patient have? the same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The
CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is attempting
Metabolic alkalosis to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining
Metabolic acidosis more CO2
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
To prevent changes in pH, the body proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate
employs buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 system
buffer systems:
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line respirations; kidneys
of defense is ___ , second line of defense is
_____
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation The equation moves in both directions
CABS Equation: toward the right
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation
moves ____ , forming more H+ and HCO3-
ions
CABS Equation: toward the left
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation
moves ___ , as H+ ions are converted to CO2
and the CO2 is exhaled.
CO2 levels 35-45
HCO3 levels 22-26
D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
Pressure that is due to albumin in the Oncotic
bloodstream?
Oncotic a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
In the blood, ____ is the most common albumin
plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary
determinant of oncotic pressure
_ __ controls osmotic pressure in vascular Albumin
system, builds volume
One question was about the difference in Possible answer: naive T cells
children and adult immunity
D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
,D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
Learning check question: Which differences Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat
in immunity make children and older adult infection
patients more susceptible to infections?
Choose 2 answers Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T
cells
Younger patients have fewer memory cells
to combat infection Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many
pathogens, which means that they have fewer memory cells
Older adult patients have a dwindling than adults. The primary immune response is relatively weak
population of naive T cells compared to a secondary response mediated by memory
cells.
Older adult patients have more memory
cells to combat infection Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to
younger patients. When these patients encounter novel
Younger patients have a large population of pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal
naive T cells selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be
effective.
Older adult patients have a large population
of naive T cells
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by osmoreceptors
_ ___ , which regulates actions such as thirst,
ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
Fluid deficit causes -Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
Fluid deficit risk factors -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
Fluid deficit manifestations -dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
ROME for ABGs Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is
pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is
respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in
nature
D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
,D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory 7.35-7.45
compensation help to maintain a blood pH
of _______
D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
, D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
A patient with a viral illness and severe Metabolic alkalosis
vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a
blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in
What condition does the patient have? the same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The
CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is attempting
Metabolic alkalosis to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining
Metabolic acidosis more CO2
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
To prevent changes in pH, the body proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate
employs buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 system
buffer systems:
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line respirations; kidneys
of defense is ___ , second line of defense is
_____
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation The equation moves in both directions
CABS Equation: toward the right
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation
moves ____ , forming more H+ and HCO3-
ions
CABS Equation: toward the left
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation
moves ___ , as H+ ions are converted to CO2
and the CO2 is exhaled.
CO2 levels 35-45
HCO3 levels 22-26
D236 Pathophysiology – WGU Exam Preparation Guide with complete solutions
