Advanced pathophysiology exam 1 correct questions with detailed\verified solutions
A+ Grade 2026\2027
What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell
- correct answer • Well define nucleus.
• cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization than do prokaryotes.
• cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the super coiling of DNA.
• cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis
. it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a fluid filling called
cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles
How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the cell
- correct answer Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules.
-they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that affect the cell itself and other
cells in direct physical contact
-they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the cell to bind
to them
-they form protein channels (gap juctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells.
responsable for cellular respiration and energy production
- correct answer mitocondria
they provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
- correct answer ribosome
is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell center, main function is cell
division and control of genetic information
- correct answer nucleus
is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with proteins
- correct answer nucleolus
,are saclike structures that originate from the golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes
- correct answer lysosomes
specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the cells
organelles
- correct answer endoplasmic reticulum
proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane
- correct answer Golgi apparatus or complex
membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and urate oxidase. those
enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen in an oxidative reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide.
- correct answer peroxisomes
it is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. functions include: intermediary metabolism
involving enzymatic biochemical reactions; ribosomal protein synthesis and storage of carbohydrates,
fat and secretory vesicles
- correct answer cytosol
maintains the cell's shape and internal organization
- correct answer cytoskeleton
cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed and immobilized.
- correct answer paracrine
cancer cells use this form of signaling to stimulate their survival and proliferation. it function as a
component of normal growth regulatory mechanism.
- correct answer autocrine
diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the postsypnaptic target cells
- correct answer neurotransmitter
, are released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the bloodstream to produce a
response in other set of cells
- correct answer hormone
proteins float in the fluid lipid bilayer. is a membrane structure that consists of a variety of individual
protein molecules moving and shifting within a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
- correct answer fluid mosaic model
second messenger
- correct answer are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface
are generated in large numbers when the membrane bound enzyme is activated, and they then rapidly
diffuse away from their source, broadcasting the signal throughout the cell. The two major pathways are
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP, CAMP) and Ca.
• a signal molecule such as epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor, it activate a G protein inside the
cell
• The G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of cyclic AMP from ATP
• Then cAMP binds to and activate a target protein such as a-kinase which adds phosphate to specific
protein within the cell
How does oxidative phosphorylation work?
- correct answer Occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produce from
cahydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. The process by which ATP is formed
: is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower
solute concentration.
- correct answer diffusion
is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute
concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.
- correct answer Osmosis
is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes
- correct answer Hydrostatic pressure
A+ Grade 2026\2027
What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell
- correct answer • Well define nucleus.
• cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization than do prokaryotes.
• cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the super coiling of DNA.
• cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis
. it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a fluid filling called
cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles
How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the cell
- correct answer Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules.
-they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that affect the cell itself and other
cells in direct physical contact
-they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the cell to bind
to them
-they form protein channels (gap juctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells.
responsable for cellular respiration and energy production
- correct answer mitocondria
they provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
- correct answer ribosome
is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell center, main function is cell
division and control of genetic information
- correct answer nucleus
is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with proteins
- correct answer nucleolus
,are saclike structures that originate from the golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes
- correct answer lysosomes
specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the cells
organelles
- correct answer endoplasmic reticulum
proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane
- correct answer Golgi apparatus or complex
membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and urate oxidase. those
enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen in an oxidative reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide.
- correct answer peroxisomes
it is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. functions include: intermediary metabolism
involving enzymatic biochemical reactions; ribosomal protein synthesis and storage of carbohydrates,
fat and secretory vesicles
- correct answer cytosol
maintains the cell's shape and internal organization
- correct answer cytoskeleton
cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed and immobilized.
- correct answer paracrine
cancer cells use this form of signaling to stimulate their survival and proliferation. it function as a
component of normal growth regulatory mechanism.
- correct answer autocrine
diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the postsypnaptic target cells
- correct answer neurotransmitter
, are released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the bloodstream to produce a
response in other set of cells
- correct answer hormone
proteins float in the fluid lipid bilayer. is a membrane structure that consists of a variety of individual
protein molecules moving and shifting within a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
- correct answer fluid mosaic model
second messenger
- correct answer are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface
are generated in large numbers when the membrane bound enzyme is activated, and they then rapidly
diffuse away from their source, broadcasting the signal throughout the cell. The two major pathways are
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP, CAMP) and Ca.
• a signal molecule such as epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor, it activate a G protein inside the
cell
• The G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of cyclic AMP from ATP
• Then cAMP binds to and activate a target protein such as a-kinase which adds phosphate to specific
protein within the cell
How does oxidative phosphorylation work?
- correct answer Occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produce from
cahydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. The process by which ATP is formed
: is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower
solute concentration.
- correct answer diffusion
is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute
concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.
- correct answer Osmosis
is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes
- correct answer Hydrostatic pressure
