Chapter 01: Introductionto Pathophysiology Banasi
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k: Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
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MULTIPLE CHOICE Y1
1. C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a p
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haryngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dys JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
phagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malais
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e, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been pr
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escribed. The etiology of C.Q.’s disease is JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 J Y11
a. a sore throat. JY11 JY11
b. streptococcal infection. JY11
c. genetic susceptibility. JY1
d. pharyngitis.
ANS: B J Y 1 1
Etiology refers to the proposed cause or causes of a particular disease process. A sore throat is the
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1
manifestation of the disease process. Genetic susceptibility refers to inherited tendency to devel JY1 1 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 J Y11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
op a disease. Pharyngitis refers to inflammation of the throat and is also a clinical manifestation
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of the disease process.
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2. A 17-year-old college-
JY11 JY11
bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an ex
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11
ample of JY1 1
a. primary prevention. JY11
b. secondary prevention. JY1
c. tertiaryprevention. JY1
d. disease treatment. JY1
ANS: A J Y 1 1
Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for su
JY1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 JY11 JY1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
sceptible individuals, in this case by providing vaccination. Secondary prevention is the early d
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11
etection, screening, and management of the disease. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY1 1 JY1
and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disea
1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
se treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed.
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
3. An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11
a. primary prevention. JY11
b. secondary prevention. JY1
c. tertiaryprevention. JY1
d. disease treatment. JY1
ANS: B J Y 1 1
Secondaryprevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease such as pre JY1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
scribing diet and exercise for an individual who has already developed obesity. Primary preventi
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 J Y11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11
on is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible indivi
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
duals. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate di
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
sability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease
JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
once it has developed.
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
,4. A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium in
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
take. This is an example of JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11
a. primary prevention. JY11
b. secondary prevention. JY1
c. tertiaryprevention. JY1
d. disease treatment. JY1
ANS: B J Y 1 1
Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease, such as JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY
by prescribing sodium restriction for high blood pressure. Primary prevention is prevention of di
11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
sease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Tertiary preve
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
ntion includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 J Y11 JY11 JY11
effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has devel
JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
oped.
5. After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
lowering medication. This is an example of JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1
a. primary prevention. JY11
b. secondary prevention. JY1
c. tertiaryprevention. JY1
d. disease treatment. JY1
ANS: C J Y 1 1
Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disabilit
JY11 JY 11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
y and restore effective functioning such as prescribing a cholesterol-
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11
lowering medication following a heart attack. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by alter
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
ing susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Secondary prevention is the
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
early detection, screening, and management of the disease. Disease treatment involves manage
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
ment of the disease once it has developed.
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
6. A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of th
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is disease. This stage of illness is called the
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 stage.
a. prodromal
b. latent
c. sequela
d. convalescence
ANS: B J Y 1 1
Incubation refers to the interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first app
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earance of signs and symptoms. In infectious diseases, this period is often called the incubation (
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latent) period. Prodromal refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the
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onset of a disease. These are often nonspecific, such as headache, malaise, anorexia, and nausea,
JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 J Y11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 J
which are associated with a number of different diseases. Sequela refers to subsequent patholog
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ic condition resulting from a disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, inju
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ry, or surgical operation.
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7. A disease that is native to a particular region is called
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a. epidemic.
b. endemic.
c. pandemic.
d. ethnographic.
, ANS: B J Y 1 1
A disease that is native to a particular region is called endemic. An epidemic is a disease that spre
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ads to many individuals at the same time. Pandemics are epidemics that affect large geographic r
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egions, perhaps spreading worldwide. Ethnographic does not describe a disease distribution patt
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ern.
8. In general, with aging, organ size and function
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a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same. JY11 JY11
d. are unknown. JY11
ANS: B J Y 1 1
In general, with aging, organ size and function decrease.
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
9. The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well est
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ablished, is referred to as JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
a. latent.
b. subclinical.
c. prodromal.
d. convalescence.
ANS: B J Y 1 1
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well est
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ablished, is called the subclinical stage. The interval between exposure of a tissue to an injuriou
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s agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms may be called a latent period or, in the c
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ase of infectious diseases, an incubation period. The prodromal period, or prodrome, refers to t
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he appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. Convalescence
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is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
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MULTIPLE RESPONSE JY1
1. Your patient’s red blood cell count is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by (S
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 J Y11
elect all that apply.) J Y11 J Y11 J Y11
a. gender difference. JY11
b. situational factors. JY1
c. normal variation. JY11
d. cultural variation. JY11
e. illness.
ANS: A, B, C, E J Y 1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11
Gender, situations (e.g., altitude), normal variations, and illness mayall determine red blood cell c
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ount. Culture affects how manifestations are perceived (normal versus abnormal).
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2. Socioeconomic factors influence disease development because of (Select all that apply.) JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 J Y11 J Y11 J Y11
a. genetics.
b. environmental toxins. JY11
c. overcrowding.
d. nutrition.
e. hygiene.
, ANS: B, C, D, E J Y 1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11
Socioeconomic factors influence disease development via exposure to environmental toxins (occ JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11
upational) and overcrowding, nutrition (over- JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
or undernutrition), and hygiene (e.g., in developing countries). Genetics is not influenced by so
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cioeconomic factors. JY11
3. When determining additional data to gather before making a diagnosis, what factors need to be
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considered? (Select all that apply.)
Y11 JY11 J Y11 J Y11 J Y11
a. Reliability
b. Expense
c. Validity
d. Generalizability
e. Repetition
ANS: A, C J Y 1 1 JY11
Two considerations one must use when choosing additional data to gather include the reliabilit
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1
y and validity of the tests being weighed. Reliability, or precision, is the ability of a test to give
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the same result in repeated measurements. Validity, or accuracy, is the degree to which a measu
JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
rement reflects the true value of the object it is intended to measure. Expense, generalizability, a
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nd repetition are not characteristics that are typically considered.
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4. Which of the following statements are accurate when considering diagnostic testing for an in
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dividual with a possible medical condition? (Select all that apply.) JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 J Y11 J Y11 J Y11
a. The more often a patient has a test, the more accurate the average result is. JY11 JY11 J Y1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 J Y11
b. Sensitivity is the chance the test will be positive if the hypothesized disease is pr JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
esent.
c. Testing is generally not accurate during the prodromal stage to make a diagnosis. JY11 J Y1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
d. Specificity shows that a test will be negative if the person does not have the di JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
sease.
e. Reliability demonstrates a test is accurate under a number of different conditions. JY1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
ANS: B, D J Y 1 1 JY11
Sensitivity is the probability that the test will be positive when applied to a person with the cond JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
ition. Specificity is the probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person who does
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not have a given condition. Test results are usually not aggregated and averaged. A disease proces
11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 JY1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1
s is well established during the prodromal phase of illness, so some diagnostic testing would ind
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icate its presence. Reliability, or precision, is the ability of a test to give the same result in repeat
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
ed measurements.JY11
Chapter 02: Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors Ban
JY1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 JY1 JY11 JY11 JY 11
asik: Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
JY11 JY11 JY11
MULTIPLE CHOICE JY1
1. Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
a. tachycardia.
b. diaphoresis.
c. increased peripheral resistance. JY11 JY11
d. pupil constriction. JY11
ANS: D J Y 1 1
Y11 Y1 Y1 Y1 Y11
k: Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
Y11 Y11 Y 11
MULTIPLE CHOICE Y1
1. C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a p
Y11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 J Y11 JY11 J Y11 JY 11 JY11
haryngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dys JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
phagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malais
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
e, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been pr
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11
escribed. The etiology of C.Q.’s disease is JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 J Y11
a. a sore throat. JY11 JY11
b. streptococcal infection. JY11
c. genetic susceptibility. JY1
d. pharyngitis.
ANS: B J Y 1 1
Etiology refers to the proposed cause or causes of a particular disease process. A sore throat is the
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1
manifestation of the disease process. Genetic susceptibility refers to inherited tendency to devel JY1 1 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 J Y11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
op a disease. Pharyngitis refers to inflammation of the throat and is also a clinical manifestation
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY 11
of the disease process.
JY11 JY1 1 JY11
2. A 17-year-old college-
JY11 JY11
bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an ex
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11
ample of JY1 1
a. primary prevention. JY11
b. secondary prevention. JY1
c. tertiaryprevention. JY1
d. disease treatment. JY1
ANS: A J Y 1 1
Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for su
JY1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 JY11 JY1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
sceptible individuals, in this case by providing vaccination. Secondary prevention is the early d
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11
etection, screening, and management of the disease. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY1 1 JY1
and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disea
1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
se treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed.
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
3. An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11
a. primary prevention. JY11
b. secondary prevention. JY1
c. tertiaryprevention. JY1
d. disease treatment. JY1
ANS: B J Y 1 1
Secondaryprevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease such as pre JY1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
scribing diet and exercise for an individual who has already developed obesity. Primary preventi
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 J Y11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11
on is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible indivi
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
duals. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate di
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
sability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease
JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
once it has developed.
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
,4. A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium in
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
take. This is an example of JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11
a. primary prevention. JY11
b. secondary prevention. JY1
c. tertiaryprevention. JY1
d. disease treatment. JY1
ANS: B J Y 1 1
Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease, such as JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY
by prescribing sodium restriction for high blood pressure. Primary prevention is prevention of di
11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
sease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Tertiary preve
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
ntion includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 J Y11 JY11 JY11
effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has devel
JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
oped.
5. After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
lowering medication. This is an example of JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1
a. primary prevention. JY11
b. secondary prevention. JY1
c. tertiaryprevention. JY1
d. disease treatment. JY1
ANS: C J Y 1 1
Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disabilit
JY11 JY 11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
y and restore effective functioning such as prescribing a cholesterol-
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11 JY 11 JY11 JY11 JY11
lowering medication following a heart attack. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by alter
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
ing susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Secondary prevention is the
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early detection, screening, and management of the disease. Disease treatment involves manage
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ment of the disease once it has developed.
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6. A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of th
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is disease. This stage of illness is called the
JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 stage.
a. prodromal
b. latent
c. sequela
d. convalescence
ANS: B J Y 1 1
Incubation refers to the interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first app
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earance of signs and symptoms. In infectious diseases, this period is often called the incubation (
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latent) period. Prodromal refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the
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onset of a disease. These are often nonspecific, such as headache, malaise, anorexia, and nausea,
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which are associated with a number of different diseases. Sequela refers to subsequent patholog
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ic condition resulting from a disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, inju
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ry, or surgical operation.
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7. A disease that is native to a particular region is called
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a. epidemic.
b. endemic.
c. pandemic.
d. ethnographic.
, ANS: B J Y 1 1
A disease that is native to a particular region is called endemic. An epidemic is a disease that spre
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ads to many individuals at the same time. Pandemics are epidemics that affect large geographic r
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egions, perhaps spreading worldwide. Ethnographic does not describe a disease distribution patt
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ern.
8. In general, with aging, organ size and function
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a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same. JY11 JY11
d. are unknown. JY11
ANS: B J Y 1 1
In general, with aging, organ size and function decrease.
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9. The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well est
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ablished, is referred to as JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
a. latent.
b. subclinical.
c. prodromal.
d. convalescence.
ANS: B J Y 1 1
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well est
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ablished, is called the subclinical stage. The interval between exposure of a tissue to an injuriou
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s agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms may be called a latent period or, in the c
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ase of infectious diseases, an incubation period. The prodromal period, or prodrome, refers to t
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he appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. Convalescence
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is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
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MULTIPLE RESPONSE JY1
1. Your patient’s red blood cell count is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by (S
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elect all that apply.) J Y11 J Y11 J Y11
a. gender difference. JY11
b. situational factors. JY1
c. normal variation. JY11
d. cultural variation. JY11
e. illness.
ANS: A, B, C, E J Y 1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11
Gender, situations (e.g., altitude), normal variations, and illness mayall determine red blood cell c
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ount. Culture affects how manifestations are perceived (normal versus abnormal).
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2. Socioeconomic factors influence disease development because of (Select all that apply.) JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 J Y11 J Y11 J Y11
a. genetics.
b. environmental toxins. JY11
c. overcrowding.
d. nutrition.
e. hygiene.
, ANS: B, C, D, E J Y 1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11
Socioeconomic factors influence disease development via exposure to environmental toxins (occ JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY 11
upational) and overcrowding, nutrition (over- JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
or undernutrition), and hygiene (e.g., in developing countries). Genetics is not influenced by so
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cioeconomic factors. JY11
3. When determining additional data to gather before making a diagnosis, what factors need to be
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considered? (Select all that apply.)
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a. Reliability
b. Expense
c. Validity
d. Generalizability
e. Repetition
ANS: A, C J Y 1 1 JY11
Two considerations one must use when choosing additional data to gather include the reliabilit
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y and validity of the tests being weighed. Reliability, or precision, is the ability of a test to give
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the same result in repeated measurements. Validity, or accuracy, is the degree to which a measu
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rement reflects the true value of the object it is intended to measure. Expense, generalizability, a
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nd repetition are not characteristics that are typically considered.
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4. Which of the following statements are accurate when considering diagnostic testing for an in
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dividual with a possible medical condition? (Select all that apply.) JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 J Y11 J Y11 J Y11
a. The more often a patient has a test, the more accurate the average result is. JY11 JY11 J Y1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 J Y11
b. Sensitivity is the chance the test will be positive if the hypothesized disease is pr JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
esent.
c. Testing is generally not accurate during the prodromal stage to make a diagnosis. JY11 J Y1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
d. Specificity shows that a test will be negative if the person does not have the di JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
sease.
e. Reliability demonstrates a test is accurate under a number of different conditions. JY1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
ANS: B, D J Y 1 1 JY11
Sensitivity is the probability that the test will be positive when applied to a person with the cond JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY1 1 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
ition. Specificity is the probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person who does
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not have a given condition. Test results are usually not aggregated and averaged. A disease proces
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s is well established during the prodromal phase of illness, so some diagnostic testing would ind
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icate its presence. Reliability, or precision, is the ability of a test to give the same result in repeat
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ed measurements.JY11
Chapter 02: Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors Ban
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asik: Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
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MULTIPLE CHOICE JY1
1. Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11 JY11
a. tachycardia.
b. diaphoresis.
c. increased peripheral resistance. JY11 JY11
d. pupil constriction. JY11
ANS: D J Y 1 1
