Piaget Organization Tendency in coherently systematize and combine processes into general systems
(categories, order, classify)
Adaptation viewed intellectual growth as a process of ________ to the world. This happens
through assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.
Assimilation the cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas,
perceptions, and understanding. For example, the child knows what a cat is, then
sees a dog, and thinks the dog is a cat.
Accommodation the cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and
understanding so that new information can be incorporated. For example, a child
has been told that the animal they see is not a cat but a dog, they now need to form
a new schema, to modify their current view of cats.
Schemes In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
Equilibration A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of
thought to the next. occurs when a child's schemas can deal with most new
information through assimilation
Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson) Erickson's 1st stage Infancy (babies to 1 year) needs are love, care food, comfort,
and safety
Autonomy vs Shame (Erikson) Erickson's 2nd stage from 1 to 3 years (toddlers) To realize that one is an
independent person who can make decisions and doubt " me do" stage
Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson) Erikson's third stage ( preschool/Kinder ) in which the child finds independence in
planning, playing, and other activities. Asks questions, try new things "Why?" stage
Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson) Erikson's fourth stage between 6 and 11 years (elementary), when the child learns
to be productive, intellectual curiosity, school performance, proud of family, positive
reinforcement, avoid undue criticism or competition.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson) Erikson's fifth stage of development (adolescents), the person tries to figure out
"who am I?" stage, develops sense of self, peers and social roles are important.
influenced by others.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson) Erickson's sixth stage of development. Develop sense of self, best friends, soul
mates or become isolated from others
Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage Ages: birth to age 2
The stage during which children learn through senses and motor activities.
Coordination of sensory input and motor responses
Development of object permanence at 18 months
Piaget Preoperational Stage During this stage, young children (2-7) are able to think about things symbolically.
Their language use becomes more mature. They also develop memory and
imagination, which allows them to understand the difference between past and
future, and engage in make-believe. Egocentric, pre-logical thought
, Piaget Concrete Operational Stage At this stage, elementary-age children (7-11) demonstrate logical, concrete
reasoning hands on. thinking becomes less egocentric and increasingly aware of
external events. They begin to realize one's own thoughts and feelings are unique
and may not be shared by others or may not even be part of reality. Children also
develop operational thinking -- the ability to perform reversible mental actions.
logical thought increases, increase in sorting, and classifying.
Piaget Formal Operational Stage Adolescents (12+) who reach this fourth stage of intellectual development are able
to logically use symbols related to abstract concepts, such as algebra and science
and other forms of higher thinking. They can think about multiple variables in
systematic ways, formulate hypotheses, able to use critical thinking, abstract
thought, and concepts as justice.
Jean Piaget Known for his theory of cognitive development in children. Social Interaction -more
strongly influenced by peers. Role of Instruction - Format Instruction
tech used: microworlds, microcomputer-based lab, collaboration with other students
via the internet.
Vygotsky Social Development Theory interaction with people and culture. Solve problems
based on how our culture does.
Social Interaction - More strongly influenced by those more intellectually advanced.
Instruction - zone of proximal development. tech used: cognitive apprenticeship with
technology (telementoring), Interaction with peers as well as experts via the web.
Zone of Proximal Development Vygotsky theorized that this was the difference between what children can do by
themselves and what they can do with assistance.
Scaffolding Vygotsky theorized that this temporary support is tailored to a learner's needs and
abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning
process
preconventional morality (Kohlberg) Me, self-centered stage
Stage #1 Punishment obedience - If I don't get caught it wasn't wrong
Stage #2 Instrumental relativist - If you scratch my back I'll scratch yours. Only
wrong if you don't get something for it.
conventional morality (Kohlberg) Wanting to be liked stage
Stage #3 Good boy nice girl - Do because I'm trying to be liked or do what's
expected by the rules.
Stage #4 Law and order - Following what's laid down by the law/rules.
post conventional morality (Kohlberg) Putting others First stage
Stage #5 Social contract - Golden Rule - Do unto others...(Democracy)
Stage #6 Universal ethical principle - Civil rights
Carol Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory This person argued that Kohlberg's classification of moral judgment is centered on
principles of justice and rights which are valued more by males than by females,
rather than on values of caring and responsibility for others, which are more central
to females.
Carol Gilligan's Theory of Gender and Moral Development Females are less concerned about separation and independence. More concerned
about remaining loyal through expressions of caring, understanding, and sharing
experiences.
Kohlberg- Heinz Dilemma the moral theory of development based around obey the law vs saving life. based
on cognitive development
the way moral reasoning changes as people grow.
Arnold Gesell The first to developed basic information about sequence and rate of child
development stages:
Infancy
Early Childhood
Middle childhood
Adolescence
(categories, order, classify)
Adaptation viewed intellectual growth as a process of ________ to the world. This happens
through assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.
Assimilation the cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas,
perceptions, and understanding. For example, the child knows what a cat is, then
sees a dog, and thinks the dog is a cat.
Accommodation the cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and
understanding so that new information can be incorporated. For example, a child
has been told that the animal they see is not a cat but a dog, they now need to form
a new schema, to modify their current view of cats.
Schemes In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
Equilibration A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of
thought to the next. occurs when a child's schemas can deal with most new
information through assimilation
Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson) Erickson's 1st stage Infancy (babies to 1 year) needs are love, care food, comfort,
and safety
Autonomy vs Shame (Erikson) Erickson's 2nd stage from 1 to 3 years (toddlers) To realize that one is an
independent person who can make decisions and doubt " me do" stage
Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson) Erikson's third stage ( preschool/Kinder ) in which the child finds independence in
planning, playing, and other activities. Asks questions, try new things "Why?" stage
Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson) Erikson's fourth stage between 6 and 11 years (elementary), when the child learns
to be productive, intellectual curiosity, school performance, proud of family, positive
reinforcement, avoid undue criticism or competition.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson) Erikson's fifth stage of development (adolescents), the person tries to figure out
"who am I?" stage, develops sense of self, peers and social roles are important.
influenced by others.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson) Erickson's sixth stage of development. Develop sense of self, best friends, soul
mates or become isolated from others
Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage Ages: birth to age 2
The stage during which children learn through senses and motor activities.
Coordination of sensory input and motor responses
Development of object permanence at 18 months
Piaget Preoperational Stage During this stage, young children (2-7) are able to think about things symbolically.
Their language use becomes more mature. They also develop memory and
imagination, which allows them to understand the difference between past and
future, and engage in make-believe. Egocentric, pre-logical thought
, Piaget Concrete Operational Stage At this stage, elementary-age children (7-11) demonstrate logical, concrete
reasoning hands on. thinking becomes less egocentric and increasingly aware of
external events. They begin to realize one's own thoughts and feelings are unique
and may not be shared by others or may not even be part of reality. Children also
develop operational thinking -- the ability to perform reversible mental actions.
logical thought increases, increase in sorting, and classifying.
Piaget Formal Operational Stage Adolescents (12+) who reach this fourth stage of intellectual development are able
to logically use symbols related to abstract concepts, such as algebra and science
and other forms of higher thinking. They can think about multiple variables in
systematic ways, formulate hypotheses, able to use critical thinking, abstract
thought, and concepts as justice.
Jean Piaget Known for his theory of cognitive development in children. Social Interaction -more
strongly influenced by peers. Role of Instruction - Format Instruction
tech used: microworlds, microcomputer-based lab, collaboration with other students
via the internet.
Vygotsky Social Development Theory interaction with people and culture. Solve problems
based on how our culture does.
Social Interaction - More strongly influenced by those more intellectually advanced.
Instruction - zone of proximal development. tech used: cognitive apprenticeship with
technology (telementoring), Interaction with peers as well as experts via the web.
Zone of Proximal Development Vygotsky theorized that this was the difference between what children can do by
themselves and what they can do with assistance.
Scaffolding Vygotsky theorized that this temporary support is tailored to a learner's needs and
abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning
process
preconventional morality (Kohlberg) Me, self-centered stage
Stage #1 Punishment obedience - If I don't get caught it wasn't wrong
Stage #2 Instrumental relativist - If you scratch my back I'll scratch yours. Only
wrong if you don't get something for it.
conventional morality (Kohlberg) Wanting to be liked stage
Stage #3 Good boy nice girl - Do because I'm trying to be liked or do what's
expected by the rules.
Stage #4 Law and order - Following what's laid down by the law/rules.
post conventional morality (Kohlberg) Putting others First stage
Stage #5 Social contract - Golden Rule - Do unto others...(Democracy)
Stage #6 Universal ethical principle - Civil rights
Carol Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory This person argued that Kohlberg's classification of moral judgment is centered on
principles of justice and rights which are valued more by males than by females,
rather than on values of caring and responsibility for others, which are more central
to females.
Carol Gilligan's Theory of Gender and Moral Development Females are less concerned about separation and independence. More concerned
about remaining loyal through expressions of caring, understanding, and sharing
experiences.
Kohlberg- Heinz Dilemma the moral theory of development based around obey the law vs saving life. based
on cognitive development
the way moral reasoning changes as people grow.
Arnold Gesell The first to developed basic information about sequence and rate of child
development stages:
Infancy
Early Childhood
Middle childhood
Adolescence
