KUBY IMMUNOLOGY - CHAPTER 1:
OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
phagocytes - ANSWER -Cells with the capacity to internalize and degrade microbes of
particulate antigens; neutrophils and monocytes are the main phagocytes
immunoglobulin - ANSWER -Protein consisting of two identical heavy chains and two
identical light chains, that recognize a particular epitope on an antigen and facilitates
clearance of that antigen. There are 5 types: (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). Also called
antibody
antibodies - ANSWER -Immunoglobulin proteins consisting of two identical heavy
chains and two identical light chains, that recognize a particular epitope on an antigen
and facilitates clearance of that antigen. Membrane-bound antibody is expressed by B
cells that have not encountered antigen; secreted antibody is produced by plasma cells.
Some antibodies are multiples of the basic four-chain structure.
humoral immunity - ANSWER -Host defenses that are mediated by antibody present in
the plasma, lymph and tissue fluids. It protects against extracellular bacteria and foreign
macromolecules. Transfer of antibodies confers this type of immunity on the recipient.
antiserum - ANSWER -Serum from animals immunized with antigen that contains
antibodies to that antigen.
passive immunity - ANSWER -Temporary adaptive immunity conferred by the transfer
of immune products, such as antibody (antiserum) from an immune individual to a
nonimmune one.
active immunity - ANSWER -Adaptive immunity that is induced by natural exposure to a
pathogen or by vaccination
immunity - ANSWER -A state of protection from a particular infectious disease
attenuated - ANSWER -To decrease the virulence of a pathogen and render it incapable
of causing disease. Many vaccines are composed of attenuated bacteria or viruses that
induce protective immunity without causing harmful infection
vaccine - ANSWER -A preparation of immunogenic material used to induce immunity
against pathogenic organisms
, herd immunity - ANSWER -When the majority of the population is immune to an
infectious agent, thus significantly reducing the pathogen reservoir due to the low
chance of a susceptible individual contacting an infected individual
passive immunotherapy - ANSWER -Treatment of an infectious disease by
administration of previously generated antibodies specific for the infectious pathogen.
cell-mediated immunity - ANSWER -Host defenses that are mediated by antigen
specific T cells. It protects against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and cancer and is
responsible for graft rejection. Transfer of primed T cells confers this type of immunity
on the recipient.
lymphocyte - ANSWER -A mononuclear leukocyte that mediates humoral or cell-
mediated immunity
T lymphocytes (T cells) - ANSWER -A lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and
expresses a T-cell receptor, CD3, CD4 or CD8
B lymphocytes (B cells) - ANSWER -Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow and
express membrane-bound antibodies. After interacting with antigen, they differentiate
into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells.
antigen - ANSWER -Any substance (usually foreign) that binds specifically to an
antibody or a T-cell receptor; often is used as a synonym for immunogen
clonal selection - ANSWER -The antigen-mediated activation and proliferation of
members of a clone of B cells that have receptors for the antigen (or for complexes of
MHC and peptides derived from the antigen, in the case of T cells)
pathogens - ANSWER -A disease-causing infectious agent
pathogenesis - ANSWER -the means by which disease causing organisms attack a host
Virus - ANSWER -Live inside host cells and require the host cell's machinery to
replicate
Fungi - ANSWER -Extracellular and are often kept in check by the immune system, but
they can be a problem for people with immune deficiencies
Parasite - ANSWER -Most varied in form and can range in size from single-celled,
intracellular microorganisms to large macroscopic intestinal worms.
Bacteria - ANSWER -Intracellular or extracellular infections, which require different
immune targeting and elimination methods. Express cell surface molecular markers
(PAMPs) that are recognized by receptors that are part of our innate immune system
(PRRs).
OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
phagocytes - ANSWER -Cells with the capacity to internalize and degrade microbes of
particulate antigens; neutrophils and monocytes are the main phagocytes
immunoglobulin - ANSWER -Protein consisting of two identical heavy chains and two
identical light chains, that recognize a particular epitope on an antigen and facilitates
clearance of that antigen. There are 5 types: (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). Also called
antibody
antibodies - ANSWER -Immunoglobulin proteins consisting of two identical heavy
chains and two identical light chains, that recognize a particular epitope on an antigen
and facilitates clearance of that antigen. Membrane-bound antibody is expressed by B
cells that have not encountered antigen; secreted antibody is produced by plasma cells.
Some antibodies are multiples of the basic four-chain structure.
humoral immunity - ANSWER -Host defenses that are mediated by antibody present in
the plasma, lymph and tissue fluids. It protects against extracellular bacteria and foreign
macromolecules. Transfer of antibodies confers this type of immunity on the recipient.
antiserum - ANSWER -Serum from animals immunized with antigen that contains
antibodies to that antigen.
passive immunity - ANSWER -Temporary adaptive immunity conferred by the transfer
of immune products, such as antibody (antiserum) from an immune individual to a
nonimmune one.
active immunity - ANSWER -Adaptive immunity that is induced by natural exposure to a
pathogen or by vaccination
immunity - ANSWER -A state of protection from a particular infectious disease
attenuated - ANSWER -To decrease the virulence of a pathogen and render it incapable
of causing disease. Many vaccines are composed of attenuated bacteria or viruses that
induce protective immunity without causing harmful infection
vaccine - ANSWER -A preparation of immunogenic material used to induce immunity
against pathogenic organisms
, herd immunity - ANSWER -When the majority of the population is immune to an
infectious agent, thus significantly reducing the pathogen reservoir due to the low
chance of a susceptible individual contacting an infected individual
passive immunotherapy - ANSWER -Treatment of an infectious disease by
administration of previously generated antibodies specific for the infectious pathogen.
cell-mediated immunity - ANSWER -Host defenses that are mediated by antigen
specific T cells. It protects against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and cancer and is
responsible for graft rejection. Transfer of primed T cells confers this type of immunity
on the recipient.
lymphocyte - ANSWER -A mononuclear leukocyte that mediates humoral or cell-
mediated immunity
T lymphocytes (T cells) - ANSWER -A lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and
expresses a T-cell receptor, CD3, CD4 or CD8
B lymphocytes (B cells) - ANSWER -Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow and
express membrane-bound antibodies. After interacting with antigen, they differentiate
into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells.
antigen - ANSWER -Any substance (usually foreign) that binds specifically to an
antibody or a T-cell receptor; often is used as a synonym for immunogen
clonal selection - ANSWER -The antigen-mediated activation and proliferation of
members of a clone of B cells that have receptors for the antigen (or for complexes of
MHC and peptides derived from the antigen, in the case of T cells)
pathogens - ANSWER -A disease-causing infectious agent
pathogenesis - ANSWER -the means by which disease causing organisms attack a host
Virus - ANSWER -Live inside host cells and require the host cell's machinery to
replicate
Fungi - ANSWER -Extracellular and are often kept in check by the immune system, but
they can be a problem for people with immune deficiencies
Parasite - ANSWER -Most varied in form and can range in size from single-celled,
intracellular microorganisms to large macroscopic intestinal worms.
Bacteria - ANSWER -Intracellular or extracellular infections, which require different
immune targeting and elimination methods. Express cell surface molecular markers
(PAMPs) that are recognized by receptors that are part of our innate immune system
(PRRs).
