NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Exam LATEST UPDATES!!! 2026-
2027 | CORRECT SOLUTIONS WITH QUIZ &
ANSWERS | HIGHLY GRADED A+
Acute renal failure - CORRECT ANSWERS-Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone
can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS-Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-End-stage renal disease
(ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus
combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on
dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
, --Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and
include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS-There is kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS-There is kidney damage with mild decrease in
GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS-There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS-There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS-Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as
dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT ANSWERS-Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
GERD - CORRECT ANSWERS-Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
Final Exam LATEST UPDATES!!! 2026-
2027 | CORRECT SOLUTIONS WITH QUIZ &
ANSWERS | HIGHLY GRADED A+
Acute renal failure - CORRECT ANSWERS-Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone
can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS-Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-End-stage renal disease
(ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus
combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on
dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
, --Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and
include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS-There is kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS-There is kidney damage with mild decrease in
GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS-There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS-There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS-Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as
dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT ANSWERS-Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
GERD - CORRECT ANSWERS-Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
