NR 507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
(CHAMBERLAIN) 100% GUARANTEE
PASS
1. During cellular injury, what is the primary consequence of ATP depletion on the sodium-
potassium pump?
A. Intracellular accumulation of potassium
B. Intracellular accumulation of sodium and cellular swelling
C. Cellular shrinkage due to water efflux
D. Increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: ATP depletion causes the Na+/K+ pump to fail, leading to an
influx of sodium and water into the cell, resulting in hydropic degeneration or cellular
swelling.
2. Which mechanism best describes the development of metabolic acidosis in a patient with
chronic renal failure?
A. Excessive loss of bicarbonate through the lungs
,B. Excessive intake of volatile acids
C. Accumulation of lactic acid due to anaerobic metabolism
D. Reduced excretion of hydrogen ions and impaired bicarbonate reabsorption
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: In chronic renal failure, the kidneys fail to secrete H+ ions and
cannot regenerate enough HCO3-, leading to a systemic decrease in pH.
3. A patient is diagnosed with Pernicious Anemia. What is the underlying pathophysiological
cause?
A. Dietary folate deficiency
B. Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells leading to lack of intrinsic factor
C. Chronic blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract
D. Genetic mutation in the hemoglobin beta chain
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, often
due to an autoimmune attack on gastric parietal cells, preventing Vitamin B12 absorption.
4. Which compensatory mechanism is activated in response to a decrease in cardiac output in
Heart Failure?
A. Parasympathetic nervous system activation
B. Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
, C. Decreased secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
D. Vasodilation of peripheral arterioles
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Decreased cardiac output triggers RAAS to increase blood
volume (via aldosterone) and cause vasoconstriction (via Angiotensin II) to maintain blood
pressure.
5. What is the hallmark physiological finding in Type I Hypersensitivity reactions?
A. Binding of IgG to cell surface antigens
B. Deposition of immune complexes in vessel walls
C. Activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D. IgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells and basophils
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity involves allergen binding to IgE on mast
cells, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
6. Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of Grave’s Disease?
A. Destruction of thyroid follicles by T-cells
B. Iodine deficiency leading to goiter
C. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) mimicking TSH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
(CHAMBERLAIN) 100% GUARANTEE
PASS
1. During cellular injury, what is the primary consequence of ATP depletion on the sodium-
potassium pump?
A. Intracellular accumulation of potassium
B. Intracellular accumulation of sodium and cellular swelling
C. Cellular shrinkage due to water efflux
D. Increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: ATP depletion causes the Na+/K+ pump to fail, leading to an
influx of sodium and water into the cell, resulting in hydropic degeneration or cellular
swelling.
2. Which mechanism best describes the development of metabolic acidosis in a patient with
chronic renal failure?
A. Excessive loss of bicarbonate through the lungs
,B. Excessive intake of volatile acids
C. Accumulation of lactic acid due to anaerobic metabolism
D. Reduced excretion of hydrogen ions and impaired bicarbonate reabsorption
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: In chronic renal failure, the kidneys fail to secrete H+ ions and
cannot regenerate enough HCO3-, leading to a systemic decrease in pH.
3. A patient is diagnosed with Pernicious Anemia. What is the underlying pathophysiological
cause?
A. Dietary folate deficiency
B. Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells leading to lack of intrinsic factor
C. Chronic blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract
D. Genetic mutation in the hemoglobin beta chain
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, often
due to an autoimmune attack on gastric parietal cells, preventing Vitamin B12 absorption.
4. Which compensatory mechanism is activated in response to a decrease in cardiac output in
Heart Failure?
A. Parasympathetic nervous system activation
B. Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
, C. Decreased secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
D. Vasodilation of peripheral arterioles
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Decreased cardiac output triggers RAAS to increase blood
volume (via aldosterone) and cause vasoconstriction (via Angiotensin II) to maintain blood
pressure.
5. What is the hallmark physiological finding in Type I Hypersensitivity reactions?
A. Binding of IgG to cell surface antigens
B. Deposition of immune complexes in vessel walls
C. Activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D. IgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells and basophils
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity involves allergen binding to IgE on mast
cells, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
6. Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of Grave’s Disease?
A. Destruction of thyroid follicles by T-cells
B. Iodine deficiency leading to goiter
C. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) mimicking TSH
