NU 545 Advance Pathophysiology Unit 2 Exam:
Nervous System & Neuro-Pathophysiology
TABLE OF CONTENTS
# TOPIC
1 Cellular Injury & Adaptation
2 Inflammation
3 Immunity & Immune Disorders
4 Infection & Infectious Disease
5 Genetics
6 Neoplasia
Page 1
,Q1
Which of the following is an example of cellular adaptation characterized by an increase in cell
size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) *Hypertrophy CORRECT
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Rationale
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often in response to increased workload (e.g., cardiac muscle in
hypertension).
Q2
A woman's breast enlarges during pregnancy due to an increase in the number of cells. This is an
example of:
A) Hypertrophy
B) *Hyperplasia CORRECT
C) Atrophy
D) Dysplasia
Rationale
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. Breast enlargement during pregnancy involves both
hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
Q3
Which type of cellular adaptation involves a reversible change from one mature cell type to
another?
A) Dysplasia
B) *Metaplasia CORRECT
C) Anaplasia
D) Neoplasia
Page 2
,Rationale
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another, often in response to
chronic irritation.
Q4
A biopsy of the cervix shows disorganized, abnormal cells that are not yet malignant. This finding
is called:
A) Metaplasia
B) *Dysplasia CORRECT
C) Hyperplasia
D) Anaplasia
Rationale
Dysplasia is disordered cellular growth and can be a precursor to malignancy.
Q5
Which of the following is a hallmark of irreversible cellular injury?
A) Cellular swelling
B) *Membrane rupture and nuclear dissolution CORRECT
C) Fatty change
D) Reversible mitochondrial swelling
Rationale
Irreversible injury is marked by membrane rupture, nuclear dissolution (karyolysis), and cell death.
Q6
The most common form of cell death in ischemia is:
A) Apoptosis
B) *Coagulative necrosis CORRECT
Page 3
, C) Liquefactive necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Rationale
Coagulative necrosis occurs in ischemic injury to most tissues (except brain), preserving tissue
architecture temporarily.
Q7
Which type of necrosis occurs in the brain following ischemia?
A) Coagulative
B) *Liquefactive CORRECT
C) Caseous
D) Fat
Rationale
Brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis, resulting in a soft, liquid mass.
Q8
Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
A) Causes inflammation
B) *Is a programmed, energy-dependent process CORRECT
C) Affects groups of cells
D) Results in cell lysis
Rationale
Apoptosis is programmed cell death, does not cause inflammation, and affects individual cells.
Page 4
Nervous System & Neuro-Pathophysiology
TABLE OF CONTENTS
# TOPIC
1 Cellular Injury & Adaptation
2 Inflammation
3 Immunity & Immune Disorders
4 Infection & Infectious Disease
5 Genetics
6 Neoplasia
Page 1
,Q1
Which of the following is an example of cellular adaptation characterized by an increase in cell
size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) *Hypertrophy CORRECT
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Rationale
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often in response to increased workload (e.g., cardiac muscle in
hypertension).
Q2
A woman's breast enlarges during pregnancy due to an increase in the number of cells. This is an
example of:
A) Hypertrophy
B) *Hyperplasia CORRECT
C) Atrophy
D) Dysplasia
Rationale
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. Breast enlargement during pregnancy involves both
hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
Q3
Which type of cellular adaptation involves a reversible change from one mature cell type to
another?
A) Dysplasia
B) *Metaplasia CORRECT
C) Anaplasia
D) Neoplasia
Page 2
,Rationale
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another, often in response to
chronic irritation.
Q4
A biopsy of the cervix shows disorganized, abnormal cells that are not yet malignant. This finding
is called:
A) Metaplasia
B) *Dysplasia CORRECT
C) Hyperplasia
D) Anaplasia
Rationale
Dysplasia is disordered cellular growth and can be a precursor to malignancy.
Q5
Which of the following is a hallmark of irreversible cellular injury?
A) Cellular swelling
B) *Membrane rupture and nuclear dissolution CORRECT
C) Fatty change
D) Reversible mitochondrial swelling
Rationale
Irreversible injury is marked by membrane rupture, nuclear dissolution (karyolysis), and cell death.
Q6
The most common form of cell death in ischemia is:
A) Apoptosis
B) *Coagulative necrosis CORRECT
Page 3
, C) Liquefactive necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Rationale
Coagulative necrosis occurs in ischemic injury to most tissues (except brain), preserving tissue
architecture temporarily.
Q7
Which type of necrosis occurs in the brain following ischemia?
A) Coagulative
B) *Liquefactive CORRECT
C) Caseous
D) Fat
Rationale
Brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis, resulting in a soft, liquid mass.
Q8
Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
A) Causes inflammation
B) *Is a programmed, energy-dependent process CORRECT
C) Affects groups of cells
D) Results in cell lysis
Rationale
Apoptosis is programmed cell death, does not cause inflammation, and affects individual cells.
Page 4
