NU 545 Advanced Pathophysiology Unit 2 Exam
2026/2027: Nervous System & Neuro-
Pathophysiology Study Guide with 250+ Verified
Questions, Correct Answers, and Detailed Rationales
– Latest Update, Just Released, Graded A+
250 QUESTIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
# TOPIC
1 Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
2 Inflammation & Wound Healing
3 Immunity & Immune Disorders
4 Infection
5 Genetics
6 Neoplasia
7 Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances
8 Acid-Base Imbalances
9 System-Specific Pathophysiology
Page 1
,Q1
A cell that is deprived of oxygen switches to anaerobic metabolism. What is the primary
consequence of this switch?
A) Increased ATP production
B) *Decreased ATP production and accumulation of lactic acid CORRECT
C) Increased oxidative phosphorylation
D) Enhanced protein synthesis
Rationale
Anaerobic glycolysis yields only 2 ATP per glucose and produces lactic acid, leading to cellular acidosis.
Q2
Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?
A) Endometrial hyperplasia due to estrogen excess
B) *Breast hyperplasia during pregnancy CORRECT
C) Benign prostatic hyperplasia
D) Callus formation after a fracture
Rationale
Physiologic hyperplasia occurs in response to normal hormonal stimulation (e.g., breast and uterine
enlargement in pregnancy).
Q3
Metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium in a smoker is an adaptive response that:
A) Increases mucus production
B) *Replaces columnar epithelium with squamous epithelium CORRECT
C) Causes dysplasia and cancer
D) Reduces the risk of infection
Page 2
,Rationale
Metaplasia is a reversible change from one mature cell type to another (columnar to squamous) in
response to chronic irritation.
Q4
Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with ischemic injury in the heart?
A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) *Coagulative necrosis CORRECT
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Rationale
Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture and is typical of ischemic injury in heart, kidney, and
spleen.
Q5
Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
A) Causes inflammation
B) *Is an energy-dependent, programmed cell death CORRECT
C) Results in cell swelling and lysis
D) Is always pathologic
Rationale
Apoptosis requires ATP, does not incite inflammation, and can be physiologic or pathologic.
Q6
Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation in acute inflammation?
A) Thromboxane A2
B) *Histamine CORRECT
C) Leukotriene B4
Page 3
, D) Platelet-activating factor
Rationale
Histamine released from mast cells causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
Q7
The hallmark of chronic inflammation is the presence of:
A) Neutrophils
B) *Macrophages and lymphocytes CORRECT
C) Eosinophils
D) Basophils
Rationale
Chronic inflammation is characterized by mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
and tissue destruction with repair.
Q8
Which phase of wound healing involves the formation of granulation tissue?
A) Hemostasis
B) Inflammatory phase
C) *Proliferative phase CORRECT
D) Maturation phase
Rationale
The proliferative phase (days 3-21) includes angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, and granulation tissue
formation.
Q9
A patient with a wound that dehisces has experienced:
A) Infection
Page 4
2026/2027: Nervous System & Neuro-
Pathophysiology Study Guide with 250+ Verified
Questions, Correct Answers, and Detailed Rationales
– Latest Update, Just Released, Graded A+
250 QUESTIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
# TOPIC
1 Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
2 Inflammation & Wound Healing
3 Immunity & Immune Disorders
4 Infection
5 Genetics
6 Neoplasia
7 Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances
8 Acid-Base Imbalances
9 System-Specific Pathophysiology
Page 1
,Q1
A cell that is deprived of oxygen switches to anaerobic metabolism. What is the primary
consequence of this switch?
A) Increased ATP production
B) *Decreased ATP production and accumulation of lactic acid CORRECT
C) Increased oxidative phosphorylation
D) Enhanced protein synthesis
Rationale
Anaerobic glycolysis yields only 2 ATP per glucose and produces lactic acid, leading to cellular acidosis.
Q2
Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?
A) Endometrial hyperplasia due to estrogen excess
B) *Breast hyperplasia during pregnancy CORRECT
C) Benign prostatic hyperplasia
D) Callus formation after a fracture
Rationale
Physiologic hyperplasia occurs in response to normal hormonal stimulation (e.g., breast and uterine
enlargement in pregnancy).
Q3
Metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium in a smoker is an adaptive response that:
A) Increases mucus production
B) *Replaces columnar epithelium with squamous epithelium CORRECT
C) Causes dysplasia and cancer
D) Reduces the risk of infection
Page 2
,Rationale
Metaplasia is a reversible change from one mature cell type to another (columnar to squamous) in
response to chronic irritation.
Q4
Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with ischemic injury in the heart?
A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) *Coagulative necrosis CORRECT
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Rationale
Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture and is typical of ischemic injury in heart, kidney, and
spleen.
Q5
Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
A) Causes inflammation
B) *Is an energy-dependent, programmed cell death CORRECT
C) Results in cell swelling and lysis
D) Is always pathologic
Rationale
Apoptosis requires ATP, does not incite inflammation, and can be physiologic or pathologic.
Q6
Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation in acute inflammation?
A) Thromboxane A2
B) *Histamine CORRECT
C) Leukotriene B4
Page 3
, D) Platelet-activating factor
Rationale
Histamine released from mast cells causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
Q7
The hallmark of chronic inflammation is the presence of:
A) Neutrophils
B) *Macrophages and lymphocytes CORRECT
C) Eosinophils
D) Basophils
Rationale
Chronic inflammation is characterized by mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
and tissue destruction with repair.
Q8
Which phase of wound healing involves the formation of granulation tissue?
A) Hemostasis
B) Inflammatory phase
C) *Proliferative phase CORRECT
D) Maturation phase
Rationale
The proliferative phase (days 3-21) includes angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, and granulation tissue
formation.
Q9
A patient with a wound that dehisces has experienced:
A) Infection
Page 4
