SOW-PSB3BE35E Intergroup Relations from a Multicultural
Perspective | Radboud University
Section 1: Diversity and Migration in the Netherlands
1. Which term did the Dutch government historically use to describe citizens with
a migration background, before it became stigmatized and was replaced?
A) Allochtoon
B) Gastarbeider
C) Nieuwkomer
D) Buitenlander
Correct: A) Allochtoon
Rationale: The term "allochtoon" (from Greek allos = different, chtoon =
country) was used for decades to describe people of non-Dutch origin. Over time,
it became stigmatized and was replaced by "person with a migration background"
(persoon met migratieachtergrond).
2. According to CBS definitions discussed in Lecture 1, a person is classified as
having a "Western migration background" based on:
A) Their country of birth only
B) Their parents' country of birth only
C) A combination of their own and their parents' country of birth
D) Self-identification
Correct: C) A combination of their own and their parents' country of birth
Rationale: CBS defines migration background based on the person's own
country of birth or that of at least one parent. "Western" vs. "non-Western" is
determined by the specific country involved.
3. The "guest worker" (gastarbeider) arrangement in the Netherlands was
originally intended to be:
A) Permanent settlement
B) Temporary labor migration
C) A pathway to citizenship
D) A refugee resettlement program
, Correct: B) Temporary labor migration
Rationale: Guest workers were recruited in the 1960s to fill low-skilled labor
shortages, with the expectation that they would return to their home countries.
Many from Turkey and Morocco ultimately stayed permanently.
4. Which of the following was NOT a major source of migration to the
Netherlands after World War II?
A) Indonesia (former Dutch East Indies)
B) Suriname
C) The Dutch Caribbean
D) Japan
Correct: D) Japan
Rationale: Post-WWII migration to the Netherlands came primarily from
Indonesia, Suriname, the Dutch Caribbean, and later guest workers from Turkey
and Morocco. Japan was not a significant source.
5. The shift in Dutch public debate from multiculturalism to assimilation became
most evident:
A) In the 1970s
B) In the 1980s
C) From the 1990s onward
D) Only after 2010
Correct: C) From the 1990s onward
Rationale: The article "More than Two Decades of Changing Ethnic Attitudes
in the Netherlands" documents this shift, noting it became most evident in the
1990s and involved both right-wing and left-wing parties.
6. Realistic conflict theory predicts that support for ethnic discrimination
increases when:
A) Unemployment is low and immigration is low
B) Unemployment is high and immigration is high
C) Unemployment is high and immigration is low
D) Unemployment is low and immigration is high
, Correct: B) Unemployment is high and immigration is high
Rationale: Realistic conflict theory suggests that competition over limited
resources (jobs, housing) intensifies when both unemployment and immigration
levels are high, leading to greater support for discrimination.
7. The "cohort effect" hypothesis regarding ethnic attitudes suggests that:
A) People's attitudes change uniformly across the lifespan
B) Formative experiences during adolescence shape attitudes throughout life
C) Each generation is more tolerant than the previous one
D) Attitudes are determined primarily by current economic conditions
Correct: B) Formative experiences during adolescence shape attitudes
throughout life
Rationale: Drawing on Mannheim, Inglehart, and Sears, the cohort effect
hypothesis holds that shared formative experiences during a birth cohort's
adolescent years shape their attitudes and values permanently.
8. According to Martinovic & Verkuyten (2013), "autochthony" refers to:
A) The belief that one is a true native of a country
B) A policy of forced assimilation
C) The rejection of all cultural diversity
D) A form of implicit prejudice
Correct: A) The belief that one is a true native of a country
Rationale: Autochthony is the belief that one is an original inhabitant of a
place, which can be used to justify exclusionary attitudes toward newcomers.
9. Contact theory (as opposed to rejection theory) predicts that intergroup
contact will:
A) Increase prejudice due to competition
B) Reduce prejudice under appropriate conditions
C) Have no effect on intergroup attitudes
D) Only work for majority group members
Correct: B) Reduce prejudice under appropriate conditions
Rationale: Contact theory holds that positive intergroup contact, under
, conditions such as equal status and cooperation, reduces prejudice. This contrasts
with rejection theory, which predicts negative outcomes.
10. In the study by Coenders et al. (2008), which factor was found to predict
support for ethnic discrimination?
A) Only contemporary competitive circumstances
B) Only formative competitive circumstances
C) Both contemporary and formative competitive circumstances
D) Neither contemporary nor formative circumstances
Correct: C) Both contemporary and formative competitive circumstances
Rationale: The study found that both period effects (current economic
conditions) and cohort effects (conditions during formative years) independently
predicted support for ethnic discrimination.
11. The term "import marriage" (importbruiloft) refers to:
A) Marriages between two Dutch citizens
B) Marriages between a Dutch resident and a partner from abroad
C) Arranged marriages within the Netherlands
D) Same-sex marriages involving migrants
Correct: B) Marriages between a Dutch resident and a partner from abroad
Rationale: Guest workers who settled permanently were later allowed to
bring partners from their country of origin, a phenomenon referred to as "import
marriage".
12. Which of the following best describes the demographic distribution of non-
Western migrants in the Netherlands?
A) Evenly distributed across all provinces
B) Concentrated primarily in rural areas
C) Over half live in the four largest cities
D) Mostly concentrated in the northern provinces
Correct: C) Over half live in the four largest cities
Rationale: More than half of non-Western immigrants live in the four largest
Perspective | Radboud University
Section 1: Diversity and Migration in the Netherlands
1. Which term did the Dutch government historically use to describe citizens with
a migration background, before it became stigmatized and was replaced?
A) Allochtoon
B) Gastarbeider
C) Nieuwkomer
D) Buitenlander
Correct: A) Allochtoon
Rationale: The term "allochtoon" (from Greek allos = different, chtoon =
country) was used for decades to describe people of non-Dutch origin. Over time,
it became stigmatized and was replaced by "person with a migration background"
(persoon met migratieachtergrond).
2. According to CBS definitions discussed in Lecture 1, a person is classified as
having a "Western migration background" based on:
A) Their country of birth only
B) Their parents' country of birth only
C) A combination of their own and their parents' country of birth
D) Self-identification
Correct: C) A combination of their own and their parents' country of birth
Rationale: CBS defines migration background based on the person's own
country of birth or that of at least one parent. "Western" vs. "non-Western" is
determined by the specific country involved.
3. The "guest worker" (gastarbeider) arrangement in the Netherlands was
originally intended to be:
A) Permanent settlement
B) Temporary labor migration
C) A pathway to citizenship
D) A refugee resettlement program
, Correct: B) Temporary labor migration
Rationale: Guest workers were recruited in the 1960s to fill low-skilled labor
shortages, with the expectation that they would return to their home countries.
Many from Turkey and Morocco ultimately stayed permanently.
4. Which of the following was NOT a major source of migration to the
Netherlands after World War II?
A) Indonesia (former Dutch East Indies)
B) Suriname
C) The Dutch Caribbean
D) Japan
Correct: D) Japan
Rationale: Post-WWII migration to the Netherlands came primarily from
Indonesia, Suriname, the Dutch Caribbean, and later guest workers from Turkey
and Morocco. Japan was not a significant source.
5. The shift in Dutch public debate from multiculturalism to assimilation became
most evident:
A) In the 1970s
B) In the 1980s
C) From the 1990s onward
D) Only after 2010
Correct: C) From the 1990s onward
Rationale: The article "More than Two Decades of Changing Ethnic Attitudes
in the Netherlands" documents this shift, noting it became most evident in the
1990s and involved both right-wing and left-wing parties.
6. Realistic conflict theory predicts that support for ethnic discrimination
increases when:
A) Unemployment is low and immigration is low
B) Unemployment is high and immigration is high
C) Unemployment is high and immigration is low
D) Unemployment is low and immigration is high
, Correct: B) Unemployment is high and immigration is high
Rationale: Realistic conflict theory suggests that competition over limited
resources (jobs, housing) intensifies when both unemployment and immigration
levels are high, leading to greater support for discrimination.
7. The "cohort effect" hypothesis regarding ethnic attitudes suggests that:
A) People's attitudes change uniformly across the lifespan
B) Formative experiences during adolescence shape attitudes throughout life
C) Each generation is more tolerant than the previous one
D) Attitudes are determined primarily by current economic conditions
Correct: B) Formative experiences during adolescence shape attitudes
throughout life
Rationale: Drawing on Mannheim, Inglehart, and Sears, the cohort effect
hypothesis holds that shared formative experiences during a birth cohort's
adolescent years shape their attitudes and values permanently.
8. According to Martinovic & Verkuyten (2013), "autochthony" refers to:
A) The belief that one is a true native of a country
B) A policy of forced assimilation
C) The rejection of all cultural diversity
D) A form of implicit prejudice
Correct: A) The belief that one is a true native of a country
Rationale: Autochthony is the belief that one is an original inhabitant of a
place, which can be used to justify exclusionary attitudes toward newcomers.
9. Contact theory (as opposed to rejection theory) predicts that intergroup
contact will:
A) Increase prejudice due to competition
B) Reduce prejudice under appropriate conditions
C) Have no effect on intergroup attitudes
D) Only work for majority group members
Correct: B) Reduce prejudice under appropriate conditions
Rationale: Contact theory holds that positive intergroup contact, under
, conditions such as equal status and cooperation, reduces prejudice. This contrasts
with rejection theory, which predicts negative outcomes.
10. In the study by Coenders et al. (2008), which factor was found to predict
support for ethnic discrimination?
A) Only contemporary competitive circumstances
B) Only formative competitive circumstances
C) Both contemporary and formative competitive circumstances
D) Neither contemporary nor formative circumstances
Correct: C) Both contemporary and formative competitive circumstances
Rationale: The study found that both period effects (current economic
conditions) and cohort effects (conditions during formative years) independently
predicted support for ethnic discrimination.
11. The term "import marriage" (importbruiloft) refers to:
A) Marriages between two Dutch citizens
B) Marriages between a Dutch resident and a partner from abroad
C) Arranged marriages within the Netherlands
D) Same-sex marriages involving migrants
Correct: B) Marriages between a Dutch resident and a partner from abroad
Rationale: Guest workers who settled permanently were later allowed to
bring partners from their country of origin, a phenomenon referred to as "import
marriage".
12. Which of the following best describes the demographic distribution of non-
Western migrants in the Netherlands?
A) Evenly distributed across all provinces
B) Concentrated primarily in rural areas
C) Over half live in the four largest cities
D) Mostly concentrated in the northern provinces
Correct: C) Over half live in the four largest cities
Rationale: More than half of non-Western immigrants live in the four largest
