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BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM (PORTAGE LEARNING) QUESTIONS LATEST
EDITION 2026 – 2027 VERSION SOLVED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
BIOD 101 Final Exam (Portage Learning) — Questions
10-Point Summarized Exam Coverage
Chemistry of Life & Macromolecules (Q1–30): Matter, essential vs. trace elements,
chemical bonds, water properties, pH, and the four major classes of biological
macromolecules.
Cell Structure & Function (Q31–60): Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells, organelles,
membrane structure, and membrane transport mechanisms.
Metabolism & Energy (Q61–90): Anabolism, catabolism, ATP, glycolysis, Krebs cycle,
electron transport chain, and fermentation.
Genetics & DNA (Q91–120): DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, the
cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis.
Evolution & Diversity (Q121–150): Natural selection, evolutionary adaptation,
taxonomy, and classification of organisms.
Scientific Method & Foundations (Q151–180): Scientific inquiry, control groups,
variables, and characteristics of life.
Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis (Q181–210): Detailed pathways, redox
reactions, and energy coupling.
Protein Synthesis & Gene Expression (Q211–240): Central dogma, mutations, and
regulation.
Microbiology & Classification (Q241–270): Bacterial cell structure, Gram staining, and
microbial diversity.
Ecology & Homeostasis (Q271–300): Ecosystems, homeostasis, and organism-
environment interactions.
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SECTION 1: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE & MACROMOLECULES (Questions 1–30)
Question 1
Which of the following elements is the primary component of organic molecules,
forming the backbone for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?
A. Oxygen (O)
B. Nitrogen (N)
C. Carbon (C)
D. Hydrogen (H)
Answer: C
Rationale: Carbon is the foundational element of life due to its ability to form four
stable covalent bonds, allowing for the formation of complex, diverse chains and rings.
Question 2
Water is essential for life due to its unique properties. Which property of water allows it
to act as an effective solvent for polar molecules like salts and sugars?
A. High specific heat
B. Cohesion and adhesion
C. Polarity
D. Lower density as a solid
Answer: C
Rationale: Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has a partial positive charge on one
end and a partial negative charge on the other due to the electronegativity of oxygen.
This polarity allows water to form hydrogen bonds with other polar substances,
dissolving them effectively.
Question 3
A solution with a pH of 3 is considered:
A. Neutral
B. Slightly basic
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C. Strongly acidic
D. Weakly acidic
Answer: C
Rationale: The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Values below 7 are
acidic; the lower the number, the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and the
stronger the acid. A pH of 3 is significantly below 7, classifying it as strongly acidic.
Question 4
Which of the following organic molecules is the primary source of quick energy for the
cell and is characterized by a 1:2:1 ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen?
A. Lipid
B. Protein
C. Carbohydrate
D. Nucleic Acid
Answer: C
Rationale: Carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose, are the body's primary source
of immediate energy. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen usually in a
1:2:1 ratio (CH₂O)n.
Question 5
Which type of bond is responsible for holding two water molecules together and
contributes to surface tension?
A. Covalent bond
B. Ionic bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Peptide bond
Answer: C
Rationale: Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a slightly positive hydrogen
atom in one molecule and a slightly negative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) in another. In
water, these bonds form between the hydrogen of one molecule and the oxygen of
another, creating surface tension and high cohesion.
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Question 6
Which of the following is the monomer unit of proteins?
A. Monosaccharide
B. Fatty acid
C. Amino acid
D. Nucleotide
Answer: C
Rationale: Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids, which are
linked together by peptide bonds.
Question 7
What is matter, and in which states can it exist?
A. Matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space; it can exist as solid,
liquid, gas, or plasma
B. Matter is any substance that has weight; it can exist as solid or liquid only
C. Matter is any substance that can be seen; it can exist as solid, liquid, or gas
D. Matter is any substance that contains carbon; it can exist as solid or gas only
Answer: A
Rationale: Matter is defined as anything that occupies space (has volume) and
possesses mass. It can exist in four primary states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Question 8
Which six elements make up approximately 98% of an organism's mass?
A. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus
B. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, and potassium
C. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sodium, and chlorine
D. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, magnesium, and iron
Answer: A
Rationale: These six elements—carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and
phosphorus (CHONSP)—compose roughly 98% of the mass of living organisms.
BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM (PORTAGE LEARNING) QUESTIONS LATEST
EDITION 2026 – 2027 VERSION SOLVED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
BIOD 101 Final Exam (Portage Learning) — Questions
10-Point Summarized Exam Coverage
Chemistry of Life & Macromolecules (Q1–30): Matter, essential vs. trace elements,
chemical bonds, water properties, pH, and the four major classes of biological
macromolecules.
Cell Structure & Function (Q31–60): Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells, organelles,
membrane structure, and membrane transport mechanisms.
Metabolism & Energy (Q61–90): Anabolism, catabolism, ATP, glycolysis, Krebs cycle,
electron transport chain, and fermentation.
Genetics & DNA (Q91–120): DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, the
cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis.
Evolution & Diversity (Q121–150): Natural selection, evolutionary adaptation,
taxonomy, and classification of organisms.
Scientific Method & Foundations (Q151–180): Scientific inquiry, control groups,
variables, and characteristics of life.
Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis (Q181–210): Detailed pathways, redox
reactions, and energy coupling.
Protein Synthesis & Gene Expression (Q211–240): Central dogma, mutations, and
regulation.
Microbiology & Classification (Q241–270): Bacterial cell structure, Gram staining, and
microbial diversity.
Ecology & Homeostasis (Q271–300): Ecosystems, homeostasis, and organism-
environment interactions.
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SECTION 1: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE & MACROMOLECULES (Questions 1–30)
Question 1
Which of the following elements is the primary component of organic molecules,
forming the backbone for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?
A. Oxygen (O)
B. Nitrogen (N)
C. Carbon (C)
D. Hydrogen (H)
Answer: C
Rationale: Carbon is the foundational element of life due to its ability to form four
stable covalent bonds, allowing for the formation of complex, diverse chains and rings.
Question 2
Water is essential for life due to its unique properties. Which property of water allows it
to act as an effective solvent for polar molecules like salts and sugars?
A. High specific heat
B. Cohesion and adhesion
C. Polarity
D. Lower density as a solid
Answer: C
Rationale: Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has a partial positive charge on one
end and a partial negative charge on the other due to the electronegativity of oxygen.
This polarity allows water to form hydrogen bonds with other polar substances,
dissolving them effectively.
Question 3
A solution with a pH of 3 is considered:
A. Neutral
B. Slightly basic
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C. Strongly acidic
D. Weakly acidic
Answer: C
Rationale: The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Values below 7 are
acidic; the lower the number, the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and the
stronger the acid. A pH of 3 is significantly below 7, classifying it as strongly acidic.
Question 4
Which of the following organic molecules is the primary source of quick energy for the
cell and is characterized by a 1:2:1 ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen?
A. Lipid
B. Protein
C. Carbohydrate
D. Nucleic Acid
Answer: C
Rationale: Carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose, are the body's primary source
of immediate energy. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen usually in a
1:2:1 ratio (CH₂O)n.
Question 5
Which type of bond is responsible for holding two water molecules together and
contributes to surface tension?
A. Covalent bond
B. Ionic bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Peptide bond
Answer: C
Rationale: Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a slightly positive hydrogen
atom in one molecule and a slightly negative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) in another. In
water, these bonds form between the hydrogen of one molecule and the oxygen of
another, creating surface tension and high cohesion.
, Page 4 of 98
Question 6
Which of the following is the monomer unit of proteins?
A. Monosaccharide
B. Fatty acid
C. Amino acid
D. Nucleotide
Answer: C
Rationale: Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids, which are
linked together by peptide bonds.
Question 7
What is matter, and in which states can it exist?
A. Matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space; it can exist as solid,
liquid, gas, or plasma
B. Matter is any substance that has weight; it can exist as solid or liquid only
C. Matter is any substance that can be seen; it can exist as solid, liquid, or gas
D. Matter is any substance that contains carbon; it can exist as solid or gas only
Answer: A
Rationale: Matter is defined as anything that occupies space (has volume) and
possesses mass. It can exist in four primary states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Question 8
Which six elements make up approximately 98% of an organism's mass?
A. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus
B. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, and potassium
C. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sodium, and chlorine
D. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, magnesium, and iron
Answer: A
Rationale: These six elements—carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and
phosphorus (CHONSP)—compose roughly 98% of the mass of living organisms.
