Sociology A Level –
Education 2026 | Study
Guide, Practice Questions,
Answers, Rationales &
Exam Review
Updated Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep and Comprehensive
Rationales
Included
, Restricted code (Bernstein) Speech code used by working class - has limited vocabulary, grammatically simple
sentences
Elaborated code (Bernstein) speech code used by middle class has wider vocabulary, longer, grammatically
complex sentences - USED BY TEACHERS, TEXTBOOKS AND EXAMS
DOUGLAS (1964) working class parents place less value on education and less ambitious for their
children - children have lower levels of motivation and education
PARENTS EDUCATION
Cultural deprivation Inadequate socialisation in the home.
-language
-parent's education
-working-class subcultures
material deprivation Refers to poverty and a lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and
income.
-housing
-diet and health
-financial support and costs of education
-fear of debt
Bernstein and Young (1967) - parents use of income better educated parents have higher incomes and spend them on promoting
education to their children, via educational trips or toys.
Sugarman (1970) - working class subculture 4 features that act as a barrier to educational education
- fatalism (don't believe can change their status
-collectivism (valuing being part of a group than succeeding as an individual)
- immediate gratification
-present time orientation
how working class children internalise beliefs and values of through primary socialisation process and results them underachieving in education
subculture
compensatory education programs government attempts to create more equal educational opportunities for
disadvantaged youth
e.g.
Operation Head start in US
Sesame Street
Sure start
Keddie (1973) - Myth of Cultural Deprivation A child cannot be deprived of its own culture and argues that working class children
are culturally different, not culturally deprived.
The fail because put at a disadvantage by education system dominated by middle
class values
Troyna and Williams (1986) - speech hierarchy teachers have a 'speech hierarchy' - label m/c as highest then w/c then black
speech
Housing - Material Deprivation - overcrowding means less room for educational activities - nowhere to do
homework
- temporary accommodation means move frequently and changes of school so
disrupted education
Education 2026 | Study
Guide, Practice Questions,
Answers, Rationales &
Exam Review
Updated Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep and Comprehensive
Rationales
Included
, Restricted code (Bernstein) Speech code used by working class - has limited vocabulary, grammatically simple
sentences
Elaborated code (Bernstein) speech code used by middle class has wider vocabulary, longer, grammatically
complex sentences - USED BY TEACHERS, TEXTBOOKS AND EXAMS
DOUGLAS (1964) working class parents place less value on education and less ambitious for their
children - children have lower levels of motivation and education
PARENTS EDUCATION
Cultural deprivation Inadequate socialisation in the home.
-language
-parent's education
-working-class subcultures
material deprivation Refers to poverty and a lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and
income.
-housing
-diet and health
-financial support and costs of education
-fear of debt
Bernstein and Young (1967) - parents use of income better educated parents have higher incomes and spend them on promoting
education to their children, via educational trips or toys.
Sugarman (1970) - working class subculture 4 features that act as a barrier to educational education
- fatalism (don't believe can change their status
-collectivism (valuing being part of a group than succeeding as an individual)
- immediate gratification
-present time orientation
how working class children internalise beliefs and values of through primary socialisation process and results them underachieving in education
subculture
compensatory education programs government attempts to create more equal educational opportunities for
disadvantaged youth
e.g.
Operation Head start in US
Sesame Street
Sure start
Keddie (1973) - Myth of Cultural Deprivation A child cannot be deprived of its own culture and argues that working class children
are culturally different, not culturally deprived.
The fail because put at a disadvantage by education system dominated by middle
class values
Troyna and Williams (1986) - speech hierarchy teachers have a 'speech hierarchy' - label m/c as highest then w/c then black
speech
Housing - Material Deprivation - overcrowding means less room for educational activities - nowhere to do
homework
- temporary accommodation means move frequently and changes of school so
disrupted education
