• NSG 530 ACTUAL 09/16/2026
EXAM
NSG 530 ACTUAL EXAM 2026 /2027 | Advanced
Pathophysiology 4 – Wilkes University | Exams 1-4
Comprehensive Bank | Verified Q&A with Detailed
Rationales | Pass Guaranteed - A+ Graded
The process of atrophy is a result of: Select all that apply:
A. aging.
B. lack of blood supply.
P 1
, • NSG 530 ACTUAL 09/16/2026
EXAM
C. work demand.
D. hormonal stimulation.
E. need to replace lost cells.
- Correct Answer :A. aging.
B. lack of blood supply.
D. hormonal stimulation.
Atrophy is a decrease in cellular size caused by aging, disuse or lack of blood supply, hormonal stimulation, or
neural stimulation. Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells caused by increased work demands or hormonal
stimulation. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells caused by an increased rate of cellular division.
Normal hyperplasia is stimulated by hormones or the need to replace lost tissues.
When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that:
A. two-thirds of the body's water is intracellular.
B. one-fourth of the body's fluid is extracellular.
C. the two main extracellular compartments are interstitial and intracellular.
D. standard total body water is 40% of body weight. –
Correct Answer :A. two-thirds of the body's water is intracellular.
Two-thirds of the body's water is intracellular. One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the
extracellular compartment: interstitial and intravascular. Total body water is about 60% of body weight.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body fluid movement, it is correct to state that:
A. potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion.
B. sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF) space.
C. water moves freely across membranes.
D. aquaporins block water movement across the membrane.
P 2
, • NSG 530 ACTUAL 09/16/2026
EXAM
- Correct Answer :C. water moves freely across membranes.
Water moves freely across the capillary or cell membrane. Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that
provide permeability to water at the capillary membrane. Sodium is the major ECF cation, and potassium is the
major ICF cation; this is due to the sodium-potassium pump.
When discussing aldosterone, it is correct to state that:
A. it is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
B. it is a hormone that is secreted when potassium levels are depressed.
C. its action is to decrease the retention of sodium.
D. its action is to decrease the secretion of potassium. –
Correct Answer :A. it is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
Aldosterone is a minerocorticoid secreted from the adrenal gland that is located on the kidney. Aldosterone is
secreted when potassium is increased or sodium is decreased. Therefore, it makes sense that aldosterone
increases sodium reabsorption to increase a depleted supply. It also increases potassium secretion.
When discussing hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine), it is correct to state that it:
A. occurs with a deficit of sodium.
B. arises with an excess of bicarbonate.
C. has specific symptoms such as thirst.
D. is a result of an underlying disorder. –
Correct Answer :D. is a result of an underlying disorder.
Hyperchloremia is usually related to an underlying disorder, and therefore, treatment is centered on the
underlying disorder. It usually occurs with an increase in sodium and a deficit of bicarbonate. There are normally
no specific symptoms associated with this syndrome.
P 3
, • NSG 530 ACTUAL 09/16/2026
EXAM
When discussing hyponatremia (low serum sodium), it is correct to state that it is generally:
A. a result of inadequate sodium intake.
B. a result of a decrease in total body water (TBW).
C. an outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
D. an outcome of serum sodium levels dropping below 145 mEq/L.
- Correct Answer :C. an outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below 135 mEq/L. It can occur due to burns, vomiting,
diarrhea, or gastrointestinal suctioning. It can also occur with an increase in TBW. Inadequate sodium intake can
cause hyponatremia, but it is uncommon.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hyperkalemia (elevated serum potassium)?
A. Dietary excesses are commonly the cause.
B. It often occurs in acidosis.
C. There is an increased in the renal secretion of potassium.
D. Increased aldosterone levels are noted. –
Correct Answer :B. It often occurs in acidosis.
Hyperkalemia (high potassium) often occurs with acidosis. During acidosis, hydrogen is taken up in the cell.
When this occurs, it is exchanged for potassium and serum potassium rises. Dietary excesses are uncommon. An
increase in aldosterone would cause hypokalemia, rather than hyperkalemia, because aldosterone increases Na+
reabsorption while increasing K+ secretion into the renal tubule.
A patient has deep and rapid respirations. Laboratory tests reveal decreased pH and bicarbonate. This patient is
experiencing:
A. metabolic acidosis.
B. metabolic alkalosis.
P 4
EXAM
NSG 530 ACTUAL EXAM 2026 /2027 | Advanced
Pathophysiology 4 – Wilkes University | Exams 1-4
Comprehensive Bank | Verified Q&A with Detailed
Rationales | Pass Guaranteed - A+ Graded
The process of atrophy is a result of: Select all that apply:
A. aging.
B. lack of blood supply.
P 1
, • NSG 530 ACTUAL 09/16/2026
EXAM
C. work demand.
D. hormonal stimulation.
E. need to replace lost cells.
- Correct Answer :A. aging.
B. lack of blood supply.
D. hormonal stimulation.
Atrophy is a decrease in cellular size caused by aging, disuse or lack of blood supply, hormonal stimulation, or
neural stimulation. Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells caused by increased work demands or hormonal
stimulation. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells caused by an increased rate of cellular division.
Normal hyperplasia is stimulated by hormones or the need to replace lost tissues.
When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that:
A. two-thirds of the body's water is intracellular.
B. one-fourth of the body's fluid is extracellular.
C. the two main extracellular compartments are interstitial and intracellular.
D. standard total body water is 40% of body weight. –
Correct Answer :A. two-thirds of the body's water is intracellular.
Two-thirds of the body's water is intracellular. One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the
extracellular compartment: interstitial and intravascular. Total body water is about 60% of body weight.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body fluid movement, it is correct to state that:
A. potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion.
B. sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF) space.
C. water moves freely across membranes.
D. aquaporins block water movement across the membrane.
P 2
, • NSG 530 ACTUAL 09/16/2026
EXAM
- Correct Answer :C. water moves freely across membranes.
Water moves freely across the capillary or cell membrane. Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that
provide permeability to water at the capillary membrane. Sodium is the major ECF cation, and potassium is the
major ICF cation; this is due to the sodium-potassium pump.
When discussing aldosterone, it is correct to state that:
A. it is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
B. it is a hormone that is secreted when potassium levels are depressed.
C. its action is to decrease the retention of sodium.
D. its action is to decrease the secretion of potassium. –
Correct Answer :A. it is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
Aldosterone is a minerocorticoid secreted from the adrenal gland that is located on the kidney. Aldosterone is
secreted when potassium is increased or sodium is decreased. Therefore, it makes sense that aldosterone
increases sodium reabsorption to increase a depleted supply. It also increases potassium secretion.
When discussing hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine), it is correct to state that it:
A. occurs with a deficit of sodium.
B. arises with an excess of bicarbonate.
C. has specific symptoms such as thirst.
D. is a result of an underlying disorder. –
Correct Answer :D. is a result of an underlying disorder.
Hyperchloremia is usually related to an underlying disorder, and therefore, treatment is centered on the
underlying disorder. It usually occurs with an increase in sodium and a deficit of bicarbonate. There are normally
no specific symptoms associated with this syndrome.
P 3
, • NSG 530 ACTUAL 09/16/2026
EXAM
When discussing hyponatremia (low serum sodium), it is correct to state that it is generally:
A. a result of inadequate sodium intake.
B. a result of a decrease in total body water (TBW).
C. an outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
D. an outcome of serum sodium levels dropping below 145 mEq/L.
- Correct Answer :C. an outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below 135 mEq/L. It can occur due to burns, vomiting,
diarrhea, or gastrointestinal suctioning. It can also occur with an increase in TBW. Inadequate sodium intake can
cause hyponatremia, but it is uncommon.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hyperkalemia (elevated serum potassium)?
A. Dietary excesses are commonly the cause.
B. It often occurs in acidosis.
C. There is an increased in the renal secretion of potassium.
D. Increased aldosterone levels are noted. –
Correct Answer :B. It often occurs in acidosis.
Hyperkalemia (high potassium) often occurs with acidosis. During acidosis, hydrogen is taken up in the cell.
When this occurs, it is exchanged for potassium and serum potassium rises. Dietary excesses are uncommon. An
increase in aldosterone would cause hypokalemia, rather than hyperkalemia, because aldosterone increases Na+
reabsorption while increasing K+ secretion into the renal tubule.
A patient has deep and rapid respirations. Laboratory tests reveal decreased pH and bicarbonate. This patient is
experiencing:
A. metabolic acidosis.
B. metabolic alkalosis.
P 4
