NURS 5315 Cancer Exam Questions & Answers 2026/2027 | 60+ Questions | Tumors, Metastasis, Cancer Markers, TNM Staging, Genetics & Cancer Risk

This NURS 5315 Cancer Exam 2026/2027 study guide contains 60+ exam questions with correct answers across 25 pages, providing focused coverage of cancer pathophysiology, benign and malignant tumors, neoplasms, metastasis, tumor nomenclature, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, immune surveillance, chronic inflammation, paraneoplastic syndromes, cancer cachexia, tumor markers, TNM staging, cancer genetics, personalized medicine, cancer risk factors, and clinical manifestations of major cancers. The resource uses multiple-choice questions with clearly identified answers, making it suitable for active recall, self-testing, and focused NURS 5315 examination preparation. The document identifies NURS 5315 Cancer and the 2026/2027 academic period, but no university name is stated, so an institution cannot be accurately added to the title. The opening section establishes the fundamental differences between benign and malignant neoplasms. Students review invasion, metastasis, encapsulation, growth rate, cellular differentiation, anaplasia, pleomorphism, contact inhibition, apoptosis, and mitotic index. The questions characterize benign tumors as noninvasive and nonmetastatic while emphasizing the ability of malignant tumors to invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites. The material also examines altered cancer-cell metabolism, including increased reliance on glycolysis even when oxygen is available, and loss of normal growth-regulating mechanisms. Cancer terminology and classification receive detailed attention. The document explains neoplasm, carcinoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, blastoma, and carcinoma in situ (CIS). Students review carcinomas as cancers originating from epithelial cells, sarcomas as malignancies derived from mesenchymal or connective tissues, adenocarcinomas as arising from glandular or ductal epithelial tissue, and leukemia as involving bone marrow and blood. The guide additionally identifies Reed-Sternberg cells with Hodgkin lymphoma and explains CIS as abnormal cells that have not spread beyond their original location. The molecular pathophysiology of cancer section addresses oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis, genomic stability, angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and immune surveillance. Students review how chronic inflammation can create a pro-tumorigenic environment through cytokines and growth factors and how cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells contribute to immune surveillance against malignant cells. The material also examines paraneoplastic syndromes as manifestations resulting from tumor-produced substances or immune responses and identifies loss of lean body mass as a hallmark of cancer cachexia. A high-value exam section concentrates on cancer biomarkers and tumor markers, including AFP, PSA, CEA, Bence Jones proteins, NSE, HER2, BRCA1, and BRCA2. The questions associate AFP with hepatocellular carcinoma monitoring, PSA with prostate cancer screening and monitoring, CEA with colorectal cancer treatment monitoring, Bence Jones proteins with multiple myeloma, and NSE with small-cell lung cancer. The document also highlights limitations of biomarkers, such as false-positive PSA results and CEA elevation in nonmalignant conditions, and associates BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations with increased breast and ovarian cancer risk. The guide reviews the TNM cancer staging system, emphasizing its use in determining the extent of malignant disease. Students learn the meaning of the tumor, node, and metastasis components and specific designations such as T0, representing no evidence of a primary tumor, and M1, indicating distant metastasis. These questions connect cancer staging with assessment of disease spread and provide a foundation for understanding how tumor extent is described clinically. Pediatric and age-related oncology concepts are also represented. The source identifies leukemia as the most common cancer among children under age 14, gives an approximate childhood-cancer cure rate of 85%, and associates Hodgkin lymphoma particularly with adolescents aged 15–19. In adults, the guide emphasizes the accumulation of genetic mutations over time as a contributor to increasing cancer risk. These concepts provide students with an age-focused comparison of cancer epidemiology as presented in the document. Another important section addresses personalized cancer medicine, molecular profiling, and next-generation sequencing (NGS). The questions describe personalized medicine as tailoring treatment according to genetic profiles, molecular profiling as a method of identifying specific therapeutic targets or pathways, and NGS as enabling comprehensive tumor profiling. This section connects foundational cancer genetics with contemporary approaches to selecting targeted treatments. The final sections examine cancer risk factors and characteristic clinical manifestations. The document associates smoking with lung cancer, persistent HPV infection with cervical cancer, BRCA1 mutation with breast cancer, sedentary lifestyle and a high-fat diet with colon-cancer risk, and unopposed estrogen exposure with endometrial cancer. Clinical findings reviewed include dysphagia with esophageal cancer, abdominal bloating with ovarian cancer, a painless testicular mass with testicular cancer, jaundice with pancreatic cancer, and abnormal vaginal bleeding with endometrial cancer. It concludes with questions on breast-cancer pathophysiology, HPV-mediated alterations associated with cervical cancer, vague early manifestations of ovarian cancer, and molecular interactions involved in the organotropism of metastases. Relevant students: This resource is particularly relevant for NURS 5315 students, graduate nursing students, MSN students, Family Nurse Practitioner students, FNP students, Adult-Gerontology Nurse Practitioner students, APRN students, advanced pathophysiology students, oncology nursing students, and nursing students studying cancer biology, genetics, tumor markers, staging, risk assessment, and clinical manifestations. Its multiple-choice structure makes it especially useful for exam practice, rapid oncology revision, active recall, and reinforcing associations among specific biomarkers, cancer types, genetic alterations, and clinical findings. Referenced academic source: McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Elsevier. This established pathophysiology reference is relevant to the document's major areas, including neoplastic transformation, altered cellular growth, cancer genetics, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, immune responses to malignancy, tumor invasion, metastasis, cancer manifestations, and age-related cancer concepts. 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