NUR 160 Exam 2 Questions & Answers 2026/2027 | 100+ Questions | Fluid & Electrolytes, ABGs, COPD, Cardiac Care, NG Tubes, Foley Catheters & Perioperative Nursing

This NUR 160 Exam 2 2026/2027 study guide provides 100+ exam questions and answers across 32 pages, with concentrated coverage of fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base disorders and ABG interpretation, COPD and respiratory care, cardiovascular nursing, oxygen therapy, urinary catheterization, nasogastric tubes, perioperative nursing, wound complications, medication safety, and disease prevention. The resource begins with multiple-choice examination questions and continues with an extensive question-and-answer review, making it suitable for active recall, self-testing, final revision, and reinforcement of practical nursing concepts. The uploaded document identifies NUR 160 Exam 2 and the 2026/2027 academic period but does not identify a university, so an institution cannot be accurately included without additional information. A central focus of the document is fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Students review normal ranges and clinical manifestations associated with sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium imbalances, including hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia. The guide discusses causes such as vomiting, diarrhea, gastric suction, kidney failure, diuretic use, endocrine disorders, excessive water or electrolyte intake, and malnutrition. It also covers Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, ECG-related findings associated with potassium disturbances, potassium- and calcium-rich foods, and assessment findings associated with fluid-volume deficit and fluid-volume excess. The ABG interpretation section reviews normal pH, PaCO₂, and HCO₃ values and teaches students to differentiate respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. The document associates low pH with elevated PaCO₂ with respiratory acidosis, elevated pH with decreased PaCO₂ with respiratory alkalosis, decreased pH and bicarbonate with metabolic acidosis, and elevated pH and bicarbonate with metabolic alkalosis. Clinical manifestations discussed include Kussmaul respirations, compensatory hypoventilation, hyperventilation, altered level of consciousness, electrolyte changes, dysrhythmias, muscle abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, and neurologic symptoms. Respiratory nursing receives substantial attention through coverage of COPD, impaired gas exchange, oxygen therapy, pulse oximetry, albuterol, sputum collection, and respiratory assessment. Students review COPD manifestations such as cough, sputum production, dyspnea, prolonged expiration, barrel chest, activity intolerance, and cyanosis. Nursing interventions include positioning, activity considerations, laboratory monitoring, medication administration, and oxygen safety. The medication section identifies antibiotics, mucolytic agents, and long-acting bronchodilators within the document's COPD treatment review and discusses albuterol as a bronchodilator used for bronchospasm, asthma, bronchitis, and COPD. The guide also provides focused coverage of cardiovascular nursing and anticoagulation. Topics include coronary artery disease, hypertension, smoking, cholesterol, diabetes, inactivity, family history, heart failure, impaired cardiac function, and risk-reduction strategies involving exercise, nutrition, and smoking cessation. Students review heart-failure management, activity pacing, positioning, furosemide use, low-sodium diet education, and focused cardiac assessment. Anticoagulation content includes heparin and PTT monitoring, while cardiovascular assessment includes heart rhythm, murmurs, perfusion, blood pressure, and manifestations associated with postoperative complications. Another significant section addresses urinary elimination and catheterization. The resource covers clean-catch urine specimens, 24-hour urine collection, sterile urine collection through Foley and straight catheters, condom catheters for males, external urinary devices for females, catheter care, and detailed Foley insertion steps. Students review sterile technique, patient positioning, urethral cleansing, catheter advancement, balloon inflation, securing the catheter, and appropriate specimen handling. The nasogastric tube and gastrointestinal material distinguishes decompression, gavage, and lavage and explains their uses. Students review NGT measurement from the nose to the earlobe and xiphoid process, water-soluble lubrication, patient positioning, advancement during swallowing, and X-ray verification of NG-tube placement. Related gastrointestinal concepts include peristalsis, constipation, tube feeding, gastric suction, bowel obstruction, and the relationship between prolonged gastrointestinal losses and electrolyte abnormalities. Perioperative content covers preoperative instructions, informed consent, postoperative complications, evisceration, wound care, and surgical patient safety. Students review NPO status, skin preparation, preoperative laboratory testing, vital signs, postoperative teaching, and the LPN's role in witnessing informed-consent signatures. The document defines evisceration as protrusion of visceral organs through a wound opening and discusses contributing factors such as age, obesity, diabetes, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and technical problems involving wound closure. Additional examination material covers PCA pumps, CT scans with contrast, blood-glucose testing, cancer warning signs, vitamin D, and primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. The guide distinguishes vaccination-focused primary prevention, screening-oriented secondary prevention, and tertiary measures aimed at reducing morbidity or mortality after disease is present. This breadth makes the document useful for integrating fundamental nursing skills with medical-surgical concepts and patient education. This resource is particularly relevant for NUR 160 students, LPN students, practical nursing students, LVN students, nursing fundamentals students, medical-surgical nursing students, pre-licensure nursing students, clinical nursing students, and students preparing for Exam 2 content involving fluid and electrolytes, ABGs, respiratory disorders, cardiac care, catheterization, NG tubes, and perioperative nursing. It is especially suited to exam preparation, active recall, clinical-scenario review, memorization of laboratory ranges, and reinforcement of common bedside nursing interventions. Referenced academic source: Harding, M. M., Kwong, J., Roberts, D., Hagler, D., & Reinisch, C. Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier. This established medical-surgical nursing textbook is relevant to the major subjects represented in the document, including fluid and electrolyte disturbances, acid-base balance, respiratory disorders, cardiovascular disease, oxygenation, gastrointestinal and urinary care, and perioperative nursing. 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