This NUR 176 Exam 1 2026/2027 study resource provides a comprehensive 42-page collection of exam questions, correct answers, definitions, clinical scenarios, medication review, nursing interventions, and patient-education concepts for Hondros College of Nursing students. The material focuses heavily on diabetes mellitus and insulin therapy, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, increased intracranial pressure (ICP), traumatic brain injury, seizures, meningitis, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, neurological assessment, and related pharmacology.
The diabetes section offers extensive preparation for questions involving type 1 and type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, DKA, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, diabetic complications, exercise, nutrition, and discharge education. Students review the classic manifestations of diabetes—polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia—along with fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance testing, HbA1c, C-peptide testing, ketones and glucose monitoring. Long-term complications discussed include nephropathy, retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, infections, dermopathy, erectile dysfunction, hypertension and stroke.
Insulin pharmacology receives particularly detailed coverage. The document differentiates rapid-acting lispro (Humalog), aspart (NovoLog) and glulisine (Apidra); short-acting regular insulin; intermediate-acting NPH; and long-acting glargine (Lantus) and detemir (Levemir). It reviews onset, peak and duration, identifies regular insulin as the preparation listed for IV administration, reinforces “clear before cloudy” when drawing compatible insulins, and states that long-acting insulin should not be mixed with other preparations. Injection-site rotation, lipodystrophy prevention, glucagon use and recognition of insulin-associated hypoglycemia are also tested.
The stroke and intracranial-pressure section reviews thrombotic and embolic ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, TIA, aneurysm, vasospasm, Battle’s sign, subdural hematoma, decorticate and decerebrate posturing, Glasgow Coma Scale and the NIH Stroke Scale. Students encounter clinical questions involving CT imaging, neurological assessment, tPA, blood-pressure considerations, aphasia, dysphagia, hemiparesis, hemianopia and aspiration precautions. Increased-ICP content emphasizes altered level of consciousness, headache, visual changes, widening pulse pressure, bradycardia, abnormal respirations, neutral neck positioning, avoidance of the Valsalva maneuver and monitoring associated with mannitol therapy.
The seizure section distinguishes generalized tonic-clonic, absence, psychomotor/partial, Jacksonian/focal, myoclonic and akinetic seizures. Safety interventions include maintaining the airway, protecting the patient from injury, avoiding restraint, not forcing objects into the mouth, turning the patient to the side when necessary and documenting seizure duration and postictal findings. Pharmacology includes phenytoin (Dilantin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), valproic acid (Depakene), lorazepam (Ativan) and diazepam (Valium), with patient teaching on medication adherence, alcohol avoidance, oral hygiene and possible driving restrictions.
Meningitis and encephalitis content addresses inflammation and infection of the CNS, identification of the causative organism, lumbar puncture, CSF-related findings, droplet precautions, vaccination, bacterial versus viral treatment concepts, Kernig’s sign and Brudzinski’s sign, and circumstances in which lumbar puncture is contraindicated according to the source. The review also covers multiple sclerosis, including weakness, gait and visual disturbances, vertigo, incontinence, behavioral changes, stress reduction, physical activity and Copaxone.
The cognitive-disorders section provides focused coverage of delirium, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, along with aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, agraphia, cognition, attention, memory, reasoning and metacognition. Dementia questions emphasize gradual memory deterioration, difficulty focusing, reality orientation, familiar objects and activities, maintaining a calm environment, reducing meal-time distractions, monitoring weight, encouraging supervision and preserving maximum self-care while preventing injury. The document also introduces donepezil (Aricept) in relation to Alzheimer’s disease.
Relevant students: This document is most relevant to Hondros College of Nursing students enrolled in NUR 176 and preparing for Exam 1 during the 2026/2027 academic year. It is also applicable to practical nursing and medical-surgical nursing students reviewing diabetes management, insulin pharmacology, neurological assessment, stroke, ICP, seizures, meningitis, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and neurological medications. The material contains some internally inconsistent or condensed clinical statements, so it is best used as an exam-review resource alongside assigned course materials rather than as a standalone clinical reference.
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Content preview
Nur176 Hondros Exam 1
2026/2027 Expert Verifed Ace
the Test
Embolic - ANSWER ✔✔Type of stroke when blood clot has traveled
through the circulation to the brain
Ischemic stroke - ANSWER ✔✔Type of stroke when brain has
deficient blood flow, can be either thrombotic or embolic stroke
Battle's sign - ANSWER ✔✔A sign that indicates a fracture of a bone
of the lower skull., appears post-auricular Cerebrovascular ecchymosis
(bruise behind the ear) (page 1952)
Stroke - ANSWER ✔✔Cerebrovascular accident
,Decerenate - ANSWER ✔✔In this response, all four extremities are in
rigid extension. (see illustration on page 1914)
Aneurysm - ANSWER ✔✔pathological distention or bulge of an artery
weakening the artery wall.
Decadron - ANSWER ✔✔When giving corticosteroid, concurrently
administer medication to prevent peptic ulcer.
Mannitol - ANSWER ✔✔Osmotic diuretic which is able to cross the
blood brain barrier (BBB) and decrease ICP
Transient ischemic attack - ANSWER ✔✔This event may precede a
CVA.
Meningitis - ANSWER ✔✔Inflammation of the lining of the brairn
Heparin - ANSWER ✔✔Anticoagulant administered SC or IV
Metformin - ANSWER ✔✔Withhold this medication when patient is
scheduled to receive iodine based contrast dye for diagnostic test.
Warfarin - ANSWER ✔✔Anticoagulant which affects the INR values.
Wernicke's - ANSWER ✔✔Area of temporal lobe that is reaponsible
for comprehending written and spoken language.
Encephylitis - ANSWER ✔✔Inflammation of the brain.
,Decorticate - ANSWER ✔✔This response is characterized by flexion
of the arms, wrists, and fingers with adduction of the upper extremities
Dysphagia - ANSWER ✔✔Difficulty swallowing
Diplopia - ANSWER ✔✔Double vision
Dysarthria - ANSWER ✔✔Difficulty articulating speech.
Thrombotic - ANSWER ✔✔Type of stroke when cerebral arteries are
atherosclerotic
Aphasia - ANSWER ✔✔Total loss of comprehension and use of
language
Vasospasm - ANSWER ✔✔Narrowing of the arteries caused by a
persistent contraction of the blood vessels
Neutral - ANSWER ✔✔Position of neck to promote venous drainage,
when patient is being treated for ICP. (see page 1915)
Acyclovir - ANSWER ✔✔Antiviral medication
Alzheimers - ANSWER ✔✔Most common form of dementia of people
over 65 years of age
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, Attention - ANSWER ✔✔Ability to take notice of something found
interesting
Ativan - ANSWER ✔✔Trade name for lorazapam, used to treat
breakthrough seizures, not used for daily seizure control
Aura - ANSWER ✔✔A perceptual disturbance experienced by some
before a seizure
Reasoning - ANSWER ✔✔The action of thinking about something in
a logical, sensible way
Metacognition - ANSWER ✔✔The awareness and understanding of
one's own thought processes.
Absence seizure - ANSWER ✔✔Type of seizure that appears as a
"staring spell"
Meningitis - ANSWER ✔✔Infection of the meninges (protective
covering the brain). Requires droplet isolation.
Delirium - ANSWER ✔✔A state of disturbed consciousness and
altered cognition with rapid onset over hours or days
Memory - ANSWER ✔✔Recall of past experiences and learning