This NUR 176 Final Exam 2026/2027 study guide provides a focused 15-page collection of exam questions, correct answers, and high-yield nursing review material covering major concepts from diabetes, neurological nursing, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular disease, hematology, inflammation, immunity, tissue integrity, liver dysfunction, and pharmacology. The document begins with multiple-choice questions and then transitions into rapid question-and-answer review, making it useful for comprehensive final-exam preparation and reinforcement of commonly tested NUR 176 concepts.
The diabetes and endocrine section reviews diagnostic glucose and A1C values as presented in the document, pancreatic alpha and beta cell functions, insulin and glucagon, hyperglycemia, severe hypoglycemia, and insulin administration. Students review regular insulin, glargine (Lantus), DKA, HHS, fasting glucose, A1C, and the FLUSHED mnemonic for hyperglycemia. The guide specifically identifies regular insulin as the insulin preparation that can be administered IV and Lantus as a long-acting insulin without a peak.
Neurological material concentrates on increased intracranial pressure, Glasgow Coma Scale, stroke, TIA, head injury, and alteplase (tPA). Students review change in level of consciousness as an early finding associated with increased ICP, 30-degree head-of-bed elevation, the eye/verbal/motor components of the Glasgow Coma Scale, and neurological assessment following head injury. Stroke content includes facial droop, arm weakness, slurred speech, the BE FAST framework, ischemic stroke therapy, bleeding surveillance with tPA, and the distinction between stroke and transient interruption of cerebral blood flow.
The renal and gastrointestinal section covers renal calculi, celiac disease, appendicitis, peritonitis, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis. Kidney-stone review addresses calcium stones, increased fluid intake, and severe flank pain radiating toward the groin. GI questions cover gluten-containing foods, duodenal biopsy, migration of appendicitis pain from the periumbilical region to the right lower quadrant, McBurney’s point, and complications of peritonitis. The document also differentiates Crohn’s disease, which may involve different areas of the GI tract and produces skip lesions, from ulcerative colitis, which is described as affecting the colon and rectum with continuous lesions.
Cardiovascular content emphasizes heart failure, BNP, pulmonary edema, digoxin, furosemide, metoprolol, lisinopril, nitroglycerin, anticoagulants, and antiplatelet therapy. The guide contrasts left-sided heart failure findings—such as crackles, dyspnea, orthopnea and frothy sputum—with right-sided manifestations including peripheral edema, JVD and weight gain. Digoxin review includes nausea, vomiting and visual disturbances, hypokalemia as a toxicity risk factor, the therapeutic level stated in the document, and Digibind as the listed antidote.
The hematology section reviews sickle cell disease, pernicious anemia, and iron-deficiency anemia. Topics include severe pain and common sickle-cell crisis triggers, IV fluids, hydroxyurea, stem-cell transplantation, vitamin B12 deficiency, cyanocobalamin, and ferrous sulfate. The final pages broaden the review to inflammation, psoriasis, immunity, tissue integrity, and liver dysfunction, including the classic inflammatory findings of redness, heat, swelling and pain; silvery-scaled plaques associated with psoriasis; and bilirubin, albumin, ammonia and clotting-factor changes discussed in relation to liver dysfunction.
Pharmacology receives particularly strong coverage through medication-class suffixes and reversal agents. The document reviews -pril for ACE inhibitors, -lol for beta blockers, -dipine for calcium-channel blockers, -sartan for ARBs, -statin for statins, and -ase for thrombolytics. It also identifies vitamin K for warfarin reversal, protamine sulfate for heparin, naloxone for narcotics, and deferoxamine for iron toxicity. Additional medications include enoxaparin (Lovenox), clopidogrel (Plavix), apixaban (Eliquis), nitroglycerin, lisinopril, and metoprolol.
Relevant students: This resource is most relevant to NUR 176 students preparing for the comprehensive Final Exam during the 2026/2027 academic year. It may also support practical nursing, registered nursing, adult-health, and medical-surgical nursing students reviewing diabetes, neurological emergencies, stroke, renal and GI disorders, heart failure, hematology, pharmacology, medication antidotes, anticoagulation, inflammation, immunity, and patient-safety concepts. The uploaded document does not identify a university or college, so no institution has been added to the title rather than assigning the material to an unsupported institution.
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