NUR 176 Exam 2 2026/2027 | 100+ Neuro, Stroke, Seizure, Renal, Dialysis & GI Questions and Answers

This NUR 176 Exam 2 2026/2027 study guide provides an extensive 32-page collection of 100+ exam questions, answers, clinical review points, and nursing interventions covering major neurological, renal, gastrointestinal, and medical-surgical nursing concepts. Key areas include increased intracranial pressure (ICP), head injuries, stroke and TIA, seizures, meningitis, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, acute and chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, renal calculi, appendicitis, peritonitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, delirium, and dementia. The neurological portion provides detailed review of intracranial regulation, Glasgow Coma Scale, increased ICP, head trauma, cerebral perfusion, and neurological assessment. Students review early and late signs of increased ICP, Cushing’s triad, decorticate and decerebrate posturing, CT and MRI imaging, cerebral angiography, EEG, and nursing priorities such as airway protection, oxygenation, head-of-bed elevation, fluid management, reduced stimulation, and monitoring for neurological deterioration. The guide also covers mannitol as an osmotic diuretic and emphasizes monitoring hydration and electrolyte status during therapy. The stroke and TIA section addresses cerebral ischemia, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, the BEFAST stroke-recognition framework, neurological assessment, CT imaging, aspiration precautions, dysphagia, hemiplegia, diplopia, dyspraxia, homonymous hemianopsia, and expressive versus receptive aphasia. Students also review differences between right- and left-sided stroke manifestations and medications discussed in the document for acute cerebrovascular care, including alteplase (tPA), aspirin, clopidogrel, mannitol, and phenytoin. Seizure content includes focal, absence, myoclonic, and tonic-clonic seizures, along with the prodromal, aura, ictal, and postictal phases. The guide reviews seizure precautions, EEG testing, status epilepticus, airway and injury prevention, and the importance of avoiding abrupt discontinuation of anticonvulsant therapy. Pharmacology topics include lorazepam (Ativan), phenytoin (Dilantin), levetiracetam (Keppra), carbamazepine (Tegretol), and valproate/Depakene. Additional neurological disorders include bacterial and viral meningitis, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, delirium, and dementia. The renal section covers acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, hyperkalemia, anemia associated with kidney disease, renal dietary restrictions, hemodialysis, dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, peritoneal dialysis, and renal calculi. Students review fistula and graft assessment using bruit and thrill, precautions against blood pressure measurements and venipuncture in the access arm, pre-dialysis weight, aseptic peritoneal dialysis technique, cloudy dialysate as a potential infection finding, and signs of peritonitis. The document also reviews Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate), erythropoietin, calcium carbonate, BUN, creatinine, potassium management, and fluid monitoring. Renal calculi coverage includes calcium, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones, associated risk factors, hematuria, renal colic, flank-to-groin pain, urinalysis, ultrasound, non-contrast CT, urine straining, hydration, analgesia, and procedures such as shock-wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Gastrointestinal review addresses appendicitis and appendix rupture, peritonitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, bowel obstruction, diarrhea-related acid-base disturbance, and celiac disease. The final portion distinguishes delirium from dementia. Delirium is presented as an acute and potentially reversible change associated with causes such as infection, medication effects, electrolyte imbalance, and hypoxia, while dementia is characterized in the document as slowly progressive and irreversible. Nursing strategies include safety, reorientation, medication review, assessment for infection, reducing environmental stimulation, involving family, providing familiar objects, and meeting basic needs. Relevant students: This resource is relevant to NUR 176 students preparing for Exam 2 during the 2026/2027 academic year, as well as practical nursing and registered nursing students studying adult health or medical-surgical nursing. It is particularly useful for students reviewing neurological emergencies, stroke, seizure management, renal failure and dialysis, kidney stones, GI disorders, dementia, delirium, pharmacology, patient safety, and nursing prioritization. The uploaded document does not identify a university or college, so no institution has been added to the title rather than assigning the document to an unsupported institution. 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