Chapter: New Beginnings: Cities and States
(1) Mind Map
New Beginnings: Cities and States
- The Second Urbanisation
- Emergence of janapadas and mahajanapadas
- System of governance: Monarchies and early republics
- Technological Innovations
- Iron tools and implements
- Surplus agricultural produce
- Growth of trade and use of punch-marked coins
- Sources of Information
- Archaeological
- Literary: Vedic, Buddhist and Jaina literature
- Social Organisation
- Varna-jati system
- Development in Southern India
- Emergence of the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas
, (2) Alexander Cunningham
- Father of Indian Archaeology.
- Was appointed the first archaeological surveyor to the Government of India.
- He conducted excavations in cities such as Taxila, Sanchi and Sarnath.
- Became the first Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India.
Q. What is urbanisation?
The mid-first millennium BCE was a significant phase in India’s history. Between
600 and 300 BCE, many towns emerged in India. This change from village to town
or city life is called urbanisation.
Urbanisation
First Urbanisation
E.g., Indus Valley Civilisation.
Second Urbanisation
E.g., pre-Mauryan period (6th century BCE).
Nagara or Pura: City
Nigama: Town
Grama: Village (according to the Sutta Pitaka)
Durga: Fortified city (according to the Arthashastra)
(1) Mind Map
New Beginnings: Cities and States
- The Second Urbanisation
- Emergence of janapadas and mahajanapadas
- System of governance: Monarchies and early republics
- Technological Innovations
- Iron tools and implements
- Surplus agricultural produce
- Growth of trade and use of punch-marked coins
- Sources of Information
- Archaeological
- Literary: Vedic, Buddhist and Jaina literature
- Social Organisation
- Varna-jati system
- Development in Southern India
- Emergence of the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas
, (2) Alexander Cunningham
- Father of Indian Archaeology.
- Was appointed the first archaeological surveyor to the Government of India.
- He conducted excavations in cities such as Taxila, Sanchi and Sarnath.
- Became the first Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India.
Q. What is urbanisation?
The mid-first millennium BCE was a significant phase in India’s history. Between
600 and 300 BCE, many towns emerged in India. This change from village to town
or city life is called urbanisation.
Urbanisation
First Urbanisation
E.g., Indus Valley Civilisation.
Second Urbanisation
E.g., pre-Mauryan period (6th century BCE).
Nagara or Pura: City
Nigama: Town
Grama: Village (according to the Sutta Pitaka)
Durga: Fortified city (according to the Arthashastra)
