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Samenvatting ICT Management Study Guide | KU Leuven | 2025/26

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EXAMENRESULTAAT 1STE ZIT: 16/20 Study guide for ICT Management at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven covering both foundational and advanced topics in the course. The document includes Module I on ICT management fundamentals and strategy alignment, and Module II on Business Process Management (BPM) with detailed coverage of BPMN notation, information management, and data modeling using the Zachman framework. Well-organized with clear chapter structure, practical examples, and modeling guidelines—ideal for understanding core concepts and preparing for exams.

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Inhoudstafel
ICT MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................... 3

MODULE I : INLEIDING TOT ICT MANAGEMENT ............................................................................... 3

HOOFDSTUK 1: INLEIDING TOT DE ICT MANAGEMENT .................................................................... 3
1. Ict in a business environment ....................................................................................................3
1.1 importance of ICT management .........................................................................................3
1.2 information technology in business ....................................................................................4
1.3 main components of ICT management ...............................................................................6
1.4 the importance of modelling ............................................................................................ 10
1.5 takeaways ...................................................................................................................... 10
2. Business Information Systems ................................................................................................ 11
1.1 Types of Information systems .......................................................................................... 11
1.2 The information systems life cycle: .................................................................................. 15
3. ICT strategy ............................................................................................................................ 20
1.1 Business Strategy ........................................................................................................... 20
1.2 ICT and Business Strategy alignment ............................................................................... 22
1.3 Take aways: .................................................................................................................... 26

MODULE II: MODELLEREN: ...........................................................................................................27

HOOFDSTUK 2: BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT (BPM) ............................................................27
1. Introduction Business Process Management (BPM) .................................................................. 27
1.1 What is a business process? ............................................................................................ 27
1.2 Business processes and Enterprise Architecture .............................................................. 28
1.3 The BPM Cycle ................................................................................................................ 30
2. Business process modelling: BPMN basics .............................................................................. 33
2.1 Wat is BPMN ................................................................................................................... 33
2.2 BPMN Gateways ............................................................................................................. 34
2.3 Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................... 35
2.4 Modeleerrichtlijnen en fouten .......................................................................................... 36
2.5 Pools en lanes ................................................................................................................ 37
2.6 Informatie artefacten ...................................................................................................... 38
3. Business process modelling: BPMN Advanced ........................................................................ 39
3.1 Refining the notation: activities ........................................................................................ 39
3.2 Refining the notation: events ........................................................................................... 42
3.3 Modeling alternatives ...................................................................................................... 47

HOOFDSTUK 3: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT: ..............................................................................49
1. Introduction to information Management ................................................................................. 49
1.1 What is Information Management .................................................................................... 49
1.2 Data modelling and EA using the Zachman framework ...................................................... 49
2. Data modelling ....................................................................................................................... 51
2.1 Conceptual modelling using ERD ..................................................................................... 51
2.2 Logisch relationeel model ............................................................................................... 59
2.3 From an ERD to a relational Model ................................................................................... 63
3. SQL ....................................................................................................................................... 65
3.1 Why should i learn SQL ................................................................................................... 65
3.2 Wat is SQL ...................................................................................................................... 66

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3.3 Simple queries................................................................................................................ 68
3.4 Join queries .................................................................................................................... 72

MODULE III: GEAVANCEERDE TECHNOLOGIËN: ............................................................................76

HOOFDSTUK 4: DATA ANALYTICS ..................................................................................................76
1. Introduction to BI and data analytics ....................................................................................... 76
1.1 Business intelligence (BI): definitions and architecture...................................................... 76
1.2 Verification-based BI ....................................................................................................... 78
1.3 Discovery-based BI ......................................................................................................... 79
2. Predictive data analytics (supervised learning) ......................................................................... 80
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 80
2.2 Nearest Neigbor Classification ........................................................................................ 80
2.3 Decision trees ................................................................................................................ 81
3. Descriptive data analytics (unsupervised learning) ................................................................... 88
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 88
3.2 Support and confidence .................................................................................................. 88
3.3 Association rule mining ................................................................................................... 89
4. Remarks ................................................................................................................................ 90
1.1 Opmerkingen.................................................................................................................. 90
1.2 Interestingness measure ................................................................................................. 91

HOOFDSTUK 5: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................92
1. Emerging technologies............................................................................................................ 92
1.1 Gartner’s hype cycle and Trends ...................................................................................... 92
1.2 Green IT vs IT for Green.................................................................................................... 93
1.3 Assignment on a selection of Emerging technologies ........................................................ 93
2. Internet Of Things ................................................................................................................... 95
2.1 What is IoT ...................................................................................................................... 95
2.2 IoT devices ..................................................................................................................... 96
2.3 IoT and BIS...................................................................................................................... 97
2.4 IoT Application Examples................................................................................................. 98
3. Guest lecture Emerging Technologies - ATOS .......................................................................... 100
3.1 Industry challenges ....................................................................................................... 100
3.2 Atos smart industry approach ........................................................................................ 101
3.3 The trigger of AI in manufacturing ................................................................................... 102
3.4 Business perspective en challenge ................................................................................ 102
3.5 Vision of AI ................................................................................................................... 103
3.6 Approach on AI ............................................................................................................. 104

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ICT MANAGEMENT
MODULE I : INLEIDING TOT ICT MANAGEMENT
HOOFDSTUK 1: INLEIDING TOT DE ICT MANAGEMENT

1. Ict in a business environment
1.1 importance of ICT management
ICT = Information and Communication Technology => ICT kan de organisatie voordelen en een concurrentievoordeel bieden
langs de hele waardenketen. Om dit te bereiken moet ICT goed beheerd worden.
-ICT is everywhere:
o TikTok
o Microsoft Teams
o Spotify
o Netflix
o …
-Efficiency improvements, new products and services, source of economic growth:
o Business
o Hospital
o Powerplant
o Car

-An organization is a system
een organisatie kan gezien worden als een systeem. Er komen inputs binnen
en de organisatie gaat deze verwerken via interne processen en daaruit
ontstaan outputs. = blackbox (we zien input en output maar niet wat er
binnenin gebeurt, is minder zichtbaar of minder eenvoudig te analyseren.


o a few business functions of many classic
businesses are: o In the function financial management:
▪ Marketing and sales ▪ Make budget
▪ Research and development ▪ Book payment
▪ Production ▪ Manage accounts
▪ Financial management and ▪ General ledger
administration ▪ Receivable accounts ledger
▪ Human resources management
o In the function of HRM:
o In the function Marketing and sales: ▪ Selection and recruitment
▪ Create customer offer ▪ Payroll administration
▪ Accept customer order ▪ Employee data management
▪ Enter order ▪ Employee evaluation
▪ Make invoice

o Business process: structured, Needs time, space and resources (resources zijn niet altijd menselijk)
o Create customer offer: (usually part of BP)
▪ Determine configuration, fix prices, determine discount,…, present offer to customer
o Selection and recruitment
▪ Place job avertisements, receive applications, contact,… hire

, 4


Porter’s value chain:
Idee dat een onderneming is opgebouw uit enkele primaire activiteiten, business
functions, die rechtstreeks zorgen voor toegevoegde waarde voor de klant. Om deze
vlot te laten verlopen zijn er ondersteunende activiteiten nodig. De primaire
activiteiten sluiten sterk aan bij de supply chain, aangezien ze draaien rond de
stroom van goederen, diensten en informatie. Maar verschil: value chain heeft
nadruk op creatie van waarde


-Connect value chains into a value system or supply chain:
De value chain van een onderneming staat niet op zichzelf. Verschillende organisaties
kunnen hun waardeketens aan elkaar verbinden tot een value system of supply chain.
= processen van meerdere bedrijven aan elkaar koppelen waardoor er een
informatiestroom en een productstroom ontstaat die parallel aan elkaar lopen. Dankzij
IT kunnen deze beter op elkaar afgesteld worden en wanneer dit op een goede manier
gebeurt, kan dit leiden tot een veel hogere efficiëntie.
De supply chain zelf verwijst naar het geheel van schakels en processen die samen de
weg vormen van grondstof tot eindproduct bij de klant. Het optimaliseren ervan gebeurt
via supply chain management. Door de informatiestroom goed te benutten, kan men de
productstroom beter coördineren en zo de volledige keten optimaliseren en efficiënter
maken. -> gebruik maken van IT en informatiesystemen

1.2 information technology in business
business information system = BIS (bedrijfsinformatie systeem)
= een geheel van onderling verbonden componenten die informatie verzamelen, verwerken, opslaan en verspreiden om zo de
coördinatie en controle van het besluitvormingproces in een organisatie te ondersteunen. Het doel hiervan is een betere
samenwerking en afstemming binnen de onderneming.
Grofweg zijn er 3 manieren waarop ICT in een organisatie kan worden ingezet
1) data processing (= gegevensverwerking/ dataverwerking)
= ICT ondersteunt hier geïsoleerde processen, zonder uitwisseling van informatie tussen verschillende activiteiten.
Het system over slechts 1 taak uit.
voorbeeld: gebruik van kasboek ter ondersteuning vd boekhouding, een tekstverwerkingsprogramma voor een
rapport te maken
2) task automation (= automatiseren van taken) (vaak gegevens kopiëren om te hergebruiken)
= ICT wordt ingezet om groepen van processen of soms zelf volledige business functions te ondersteunen.
Vaak informatie hergebruikt door het kopiëren van gegevens waardoor er meer integratie en samenhang ontstaat
tussen de activiteiten en processen.
voorbeeld: accounting software, supporting accounting and general ledger, CRM system (Customer Relationship
Management)
3) integrated information systems (= geintegreerde informatiesysteem)
= ICT om volledige bedrijfsprocessen te automatiseren en te integreren, vaak over de volledige value chain/ value
system/ supply chain. Hoe sterker de integratie, hoe efficiënter het systeem, maar ook hoe complexer en hoe
hoger de kostprijs.
gegevens zijn vaak centraal opgeslagen in 1 enkele database (met nodige back-up) zorgt voor meer efficiëntie maar
ook uitdagender om te implementeren => single point of failure = als het op plaats niet klopt = probeem

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