NURS 5334 UTA COMPLETE STUDY SHEET
QUESTIONS AND REVIEW SOLUTION PACK
●● A1C Value for Diabetes Mellitus
Answer: 6.5% or greater is diabetes, 5.7-6.4% pre-diabetes
●● Fasting and Random Values for DM
Answer: Fasting plasma glucose—126 or greater is diabetes. Random
plasma glucose—anything greater than 200 is diabetes
●● Complications of Insulin Therapy
Answer: Hypoglycemia, Lipohypertrophy, Allergic reactions,
Desensitization procedure, Hypokalemia
●● Insulin Drug Interactions
Answer: Hypoglycemic agents intensify hypoglycemia, Use with
caution with hyperglycemic agents
●● Beta Blockers' Effect on Insulin
Answer: Delay awareness of hypoglycemia, Impair glycogenolysis,
Prevent counter-regulatory response
●● Other Therapeutic Uses
,Answer: Hyperkalemia, Diagnosis of GH deficiency, Diabetic
ketoacidosis
●● Coordinating Insulin Dosage
Answer: Carbohydrate intake
●● Blood Pressure Goal in Diabetes
Answer: Controlled within normal 120/80
●● Medication for Diabetic Nephropathy Risk
Answer: ACE inhibitor or ARB
●● Role of Exercise in DM Treatment
Answer: Exercise increases cellular responsiveness to insulin and
glucose tolerance. 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity exercise
is recommended.
●● 4-Step Approach Steps
Answer: Step 1: Diagnosis and lifestyle changes plus metformin. Step 2:
Lifestyle changes, metformin, and a second drug. Step 3: Three drug
combination. Step 4: Complex insulin regimen if needed.
●● Insulin Therapy Blood Glucose Goals
,Answer: Before meals: 70-130. Bedtime: 100-140.
●● A1C Goal and Exceptions
Answer: A1C goal is 7% or below. Exceptions: Severe hypoglycemia
risk, limited life expectancy, advanced complications.
●● Types of Insulins
Answer: Short acting: Rapid acting insulins. Intermediate: NPH insulin,
insulin detemir. Long acting: Insulin glargine.
●● Use of Short Duration Insulins
Answer: Administered with meals to control post-prandial blood glucose
rise.
●● Need for Intermediate Insulins
Answer: Administered 2-3 times daily for glycemic control between
meals and at night.
●● Duration of Insulins
Answer: Glargine: Up to 24 hours. Levemir: 12-24 hours. Degludec: Up
to 42 hours.
●● Routes of Insulin Administration
, Answer: Subcutaneous injection and IV infusion. Inhalation: Afrezza for
mealtime insulin.
●● Insulin Dosing for Type 1 and Type 2
Answer: Type 1: Initial doses 0.5-0.6 units/kg/day. Type 2: Initial doses
0.2-0.6 units/kg/day, adjusted based on carb intake and activity.
●● 3 Dosing Schedules
Answer: o Twice daily dosing
o Intensive basal/bolus strategy
o Continued subcutaneous insulin
●● Metformin Mechanism of Action
Answer: o Inhibits glucose production in the liver
o Reduces glucose absorption in the gut
o Sensitizes insulin receptors in target tissues (fat and skeletal muscle) to
increase glucose uptake and response to insulin
●● Metformin Side Effects and BB Warning
Answer: o GI effects—diarrhea
o Lactic acidosis
●● Alcohol Effect
QUESTIONS AND REVIEW SOLUTION PACK
●● A1C Value for Diabetes Mellitus
Answer: 6.5% or greater is diabetes, 5.7-6.4% pre-diabetes
●● Fasting and Random Values for DM
Answer: Fasting plasma glucose—126 or greater is diabetes. Random
plasma glucose—anything greater than 200 is diabetes
●● Complications of Insulin Therapy
Answer: Hypoglycemia, Lipohypertrophy, Allergic reactions,
Desensitization procedure, Hypokalemia
●● Insulin Drug Interactions
Answer: Hypoglycemic agents intensify hypoglycemia, Use with
caution with hyperglycemic agents
●● Beta Blockers' Effect on Insulin
Answer: Delay awareness of hypoglycemia, Impair glycogenolysis,
Prevent counter-regulatory response
●● Other Therapeutic Uses
,Answer: Hyperkalemia, Diagnosis of GH deficiency, Diabetic
ketoacidosis
●● Coordinating Insulin Dosage
Answer: Carbohydrate intake
●● Blood Pressure Goal in Diabetes
Answer: Controlled within normal 120/80
●● Medication for Diabetic Nephropathy Risk
Answer: ACE inhibitor or ARB
●● Role of Exercise in DM Treatment
Answer: Exercise increases cellular responsiveness to insulin and
glucose tolerance. 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity exercise
is recommended.
●● 4-Step Approach Steps
Answer: Step 1: Diagnosis and lifestyle changes plus metformin. Step 2:
Lifestyle changes, metformin, and a second drug. Step 3: Three drug
combination. Step 4: Complex insulin regimen if needed.
●● Insulin Therapy Blood Glucose Goals
,Answer: Before meals: 70-130. Bedtime: 100-140.
●● A1C Goal and Exceptions
Answer: A1C goal is 7% or below. Exceptions: Severe hypoglycemia
risk, limited life expectancy, advanced complications.
●● Types of Insulins
Answer: Short acting: Rapid acting insulins. Intermediate: NPH insulin,
insulin detemir. Long acting: Insulin glargine.
●● Use of Short Duration Insulins
Answer: Administered with meals to control post-prandial blood glucose
rise.
●● Need for Intermediate Insulins
Answer: Administered 2-3 times daily for glycemic control between
meals and at night.
●● Duration of Insulins
Answer: Glargine: Up to 24 hours. Levemir: 12-24 hours. Degludec: Up
to 42 hours.
●● Routes of Insulin Administration
, Answer: Subcutaneous injection and IV infusion. Inhalation: Afrezza for
mealtime insulin.
●● Insulin Dosing for Type 1 and Type 2
Answer: Type 1: Initial doses 0.5-0.6 units/kg/day. Type 2: Initial doses
0.2-0.6 units/kg/day, adjusted based on carb intake and activity.
●● 3 Dosing Schedules
Answer: o Twice daily dosing
o Intensive basal/bolus strategy
o Continued subcutaneous insulin
●● Metformin Mechanism of Action
Answer: o Inhibits glucose production in the liver
o Reduces glucose absorption in the gut
o Sensitizes insulin receptors in target tissues (fat and skeletal muscle) to
increase glucose uptake and response to insulin
●● Metformin Side Effects and BB Warning
Answer: o GI effects—diarrhea
o Lactic acidosis
●● Alcohol Effect
