NU 545 Unit 1 Study Guide Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Summer 2026
Correct Answer: NU 545
Question 2.
Summer 2026
Correct Answer: Patho
Question 3.
What is metabolic absorption?
Correct Answer: The process by which cells take in and use nutrients from the
environment for energy production, growth, and maintenance.
Question 4.
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative reaction?
Correct Answer: Oxidases, specifically cytochrome oxidase in the mitochondria.
Question 5.
What is released during cell injury that is capable of cellular autodigestion?
Correct Answer: Lysosomal enzymes.
Question 6.
Where is the genetic information contained in the cell?
Correct Answer: Primarily in the nucleus (DNA in chromosomes) and a small
amount in the mitochondria.
Question 7.
What are the major chemical components of cell membranes?
Correct Answer: Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and
glycolipids.
Question 8.
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells?
Correct Answer: Potassium leak channels.
Question 9.
How is the cell protected from injury?
, Correct Answer: Through antioxidants, DNA repair enzymes, heat shock
proteins, membrane integrity, and immune surveillance.
Question 10.
What happens to erythrocytes in cirrhosis due to cholesterol?
Correct Answer: Excess cholesterol accumulates in erythrocyte membranes,
making them rigid and misshapen.
Question 11.
What is platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?
Correct Answer: A growth factor released by platelets and macrophages during
tissue injury that stimulates fibroblast and smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Question 12.
What is cell communication?
Correct Answer: The process by which cells send, receive, and respond to
signals.
Question 13.
What is chemical signaling?
Correct Answer: The use of chemical messengers to communicate between cells.
Question 14.
How is glucose transported from the blood into the cell?
Correct Answer: By facilitated diffusion using GLUT transporters.
Question 15.
How do sodium and potassium move across plasma membranes?
Correct Answer: Sodium moves into the cell during depolarization, and
potassium moves out during repolarization.
Question 16.
What is active transport?
Correct Answer: Movement of substances against their concentration gradient,
requiring energy (ATP).
Question 17.
What are cytokines?
Correct Answer: Small signaling proteins that regulate the immune response,
inflammation, and cell communication.
Question 1.
Summer 2026
Correct Answer: NU 545
Question 2.
Summer 2026
Correct Answer: Patho
Question 3.
What is metabolic absorption?
Correct Answer: The process by which cells take in and use nutrients from the
environment for energy production, growth, and maintenance.
Question 4.
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative reaction?
Correct Answer: Oxidases, specifically cytochrome oxidase in the mitochondria.
Question 5.
What is released during cell injury that is capable of cellular autodigestion?
Correct Answer: Lysosomal enzymes.
Question 6.
Where is the genetic information contained in the cell?
Correct Answer: Primarily in the nucleus (DNA in chromosomes) and a small
amount in the mitochondria.
Question 7.
What are the major chemical components of cell membranes?
Correct Answer: Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and
glycolipids.
Question 8.
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells?
Correct Answer: Potassium leak channels.
Question 9.
How is the cell protected from injury?
, Correct Answer: Through antioxidants, DNA repair enzymes, heat shock
proteins, membrane integrity, and immune surveillance.
Question 10.
What happens to erythrocytes in cirrhosis due to cholesterol?
Correct Answer: Excess cholesterol accumulates in erythrocyte membranes,
making them rigid and misshapen.
Question 11.
What is platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?
Correct Answer: A growth factor released by platelets and macrophages during
tissue injury that stimulates fibroblast and smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Question 12.
What is cell communication?
Correct Answer: The process by which cells send, receive, and respond to
signals.
Question 13.
What is chemical signaling?
Correct Answer: The use of chemical messengers to communicate between cells.
Question 14.
How is glucose transported from the blood into the cell?
Correct Answer: By facilitated diffusion using GLUT transporters.
Question 15.
How do sodium and potassium move across plasma membranes?
Correct Answer: Sodium moves into the cell during depolarization, and
potassium moves out during repolarization.
Question 16.
What is active transport?
Correct Answer: Movement of substances against their concentration gradient,
requiring energy (ATP).
Question 17.
What are cytokines?
Correct Answer: Small signaling proteins that regulate the immune response,
inflammation, and cell communication.
