HESI Pathophysiology Exit Exam Complete Questions Bank with All Versions: Comprehensive Study Guide Covering Cellular Adaptation, Genetics, Oncology, Immunology, Hematology, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Renal, Gastrointestinal, Endocrine, Neurological, an

This comprehensive HESI Pathophysiology Exit Exam Complete Questions Bank provides an extensive collection of high-yield pathophysiology practice questions with detailed answer rationales covering essential concepts across all major body systems and disease processes. The document is meticulously structured to facilitate critical thinking, clinical judgment, and prioritization skills development for nursing students preparing for the HESI exit exam, NCLEX, and other comprehensive nursing assessments. This question bank includes all versions of the actual exam, emphasizing the integration of pathophysiologic mechanisms with clinical manifestations, diagnostic findings, and evidence-based nursing interventions. Key Content Areas Covered: 1. Foundational Pathophysiology Concepts Positive feedback as an initial disturbance in a system that sets off a chain of events not favoring stability and abruptly displaces a system from its steady state Negative feedback, disease, and homeostasis as related concepts Homeostasis as a stable coordinated physiologic internal environment achieved through processes that oppose change Allostasis as achieving stability through physiologic change General adaptation syndrome (GAS) and stress response 2. Aging and Developmental Pathophysiology Organ shrinkage with age including prostate, gums, and heart Slower heart rate in infants compared to adults Decreased temperature sensation in the elderly Decreased sweat glands in the elderly Decreased thirst perception in the elderly Women having lower hemoglobin than men Men having higher calcium levels than women Women snoring less than men Neonatal period as the first two months of life Infancy, childhood, and prenatal periods Acclimatization as an increase in normal adaptive response to decreased oxygen availability at high altitude Circadian rhythms and biological clocks 3. Disease Causation and Terminology Iatrogenic disease as unwanted medical treatment Idiopathic, ecogenetic, and genotypical causes of disease Sign as an objectively identifiable aberration of disease Symptom as a subjective experience of disease Syndrome as a collection of signs and symptoms Stage as the extent of disease progression Acute and chronic disease classifications Remission and exacerbation Complications and sequelae 4. Cellular Physiology and Pathophysiology Lipid molecules crossing cell membranes by diffusion Channel proteins, endocytosis, exocytosis, and voltage-gated ion channels as membrane transport mechanisms Protein synthesis as a component of anabolic metabolism Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation as catabolic processes Sodium-potassium pump as the electrochemical mechanism responsible for maintaining cell volume Cellular hypoxia resulting in failure of the sodium-potassium pump Enhanced ATP activity, loss of intracellular calcium, and cellular swelling in hypoxia Atrophy of leg muscles after prolonged bed rest Dysplasia, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of leg muscles Atrophy as the most likely cellular adaptation from chronic ischemia Metaplasia, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia as cellular adaptations Decompression sickness (the bends) caused by gas bubbles in the blood blocking circulation and resulting in ischemia Free radicals forming abnormal chemical bonds destroying cellular membranes Carbon monoxide binding tightly to hemoglobin preventing oxygen carrying Intracellular calcium accumulation creating muscle tetany Dysplasia as the cellular adaptation creating the greatest concern on a biopsy report Anaplasia, proto-oncogenes, and suppressor genes Apoptosis as normal cell suicide Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and neoplasia 5. Genetics and Genetic Disorders Transcription as the process by which mRNA is synthesized from single-stranded DNA Sense stranding, replication, and translation Epithelium, connective tissue, hematopoietic tissue, and nervous tissue as the four cell types found in adult humans Recessive trait genotype as aa Homozygous dominant (AA), heterozygous (Aa), and homozygous recessive (aa) genotypes Chromosomal abnormalities linked with Down syndrome including translocation Inversion, deletion, and duplication Hemophilia as a deficiency of factor VIII causing a bleeding disorder Marfan syndrome, phenylketonuria, and Huntington disease Retroviruses causing cancer including Epstein-Barr virus Rhinovirus, parvovirus, and poxvirus BRCA1 gene contributing specifically to some breast cancer Rb, P53, and VHL genes Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked recessive inheritance patterns Genetic counseling and testing considerations 6. Oncologic Pathophysiology Grading as used to describe the histologic characteristics of tumor cells Staging, cachexia, and angiogenesis Early detection offering the best prognosis for cure of cancer Aggressive chemotherapy and radiation therapy Combined 5-year survival rate for cancer being 62% Most cancer deaths occurring in those over 75 years old Men having 1 in 3 lifetime risk of cancer Cancer as the leading cause of death TNM classification system tracking the progress of disease and effectiveness of treatment Cancer cachexia caused by cancer cells producing an enzyme that robs normal cells of nutrients Lack of adequate normal cells to support metabolism Increased basal metabolic rate Cancer cell destruction utilizing most of body's nutrients Loss or defect of tumor suppressor genes explaining genetic basis for cancer development Exposure to ionizing radiation Decreased immune function Infection by oncogenic bacteria Benign versus malignant tumors Tumor markers including PSA, CA-125, and CEA Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and biotherapy Bone marrow transplantation and stem cell therapy 7. Immunologic Pathophysiology Bacteria categorized by shape, need for oxygen, and reaction to staining Size and color as bacterial classification Opportunistic infection when host's immune system is compromised and resident flora becomes pathogenic Salmonella infection, otitis media, and myocarditis Patient education to reduce emergence of resistant infections including taking all antibiotics ordered even when feeling recovered Stopping antibiotics when fever is gone, taking antibiotics for viral infections, and sharing antibiotics as inappropriate practices Vessel walls briefly constricting after cellular injury Active immunity including pneumonia vaccine Injection of pooled gamma globulin, breast-feeding, and placental transfer as passive immunity Leukemia, weakness, infection, and immunosuppression Elevated eosinophils in blood indicating allergies Bacterial infection, viral infection, and sinus infection Serous drainage from a ruptured vesicle Lymphocytes associated with the immune response Neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages Anaphylaxis as a severe life-threatening type 1 hypersensitivity reaction Angioedema, urticaria, and hives Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) underlying pathophysiologic abnormality as autoimmunity Immune deficiency, type 2 hypersensitivity, and immunosuppression Petechiae, easy bruising, bleeding gums, occult hematuria, or retinal hemorrhage as thrombocytopenia Neutropenia, leukopenia, and anemia Allogenic transplant from a sister Autologous transplant and peripheral stem cell transplant Multiple myeloma as a malignant disorder of mature antibody-secreting B lymphocytes or plasma cells Hairy cell leukemia, ALL, and CML Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin lymphoma B-cell lymphoma, NK-cell lymphoma, and T-cell lymphoma Bence Jones proteins assisting in diagnosis of multiple myeloma Elevated liver enzymes, hyperkalemia, and erythrocytosis HIV-1 as a causative agent in the US HIV transmission via breast milk and sharing needles Aerosol route, pregnancy, saliva, and surface survival Initial HIV infection with flulike symptoms and rash Decreased CD4 T cells, seroconversion within 3-6 days, and CD4 T cell count 200 per mcg/L HIV rapid finger stick tests giving results in 20 minutes Electrophoresis, ELISA, and Western blot Anergic response because of immune system damage in HIV patients with non-reactive TB skin test Increased T cells suppressed response Sputum testing accuracy with HIV 8. Hematologic Pathophysiology Erythropoiesis requiring vitamin B12, folate, and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Vitamin K, iron, and erythropoietin Shift of oxyhemoglobin curve to the right caused by chronic disease Increased pH, decreased H+ ions, and decreased temperature Polycythemia as an excess of RBCs Anemia, pancytopenia, and granulocytosis Aplastic anemia running in families Overproduction of hematopoietic tissue Pancytopenia and viral infections Macrocytic anemia including pernicious anemia Thalassemia, anemia of chronic renal failure, and iron deficiency anemia Sickle cell anemia management including acetaminophen for fever Early spleen removal Anemia of chronic disease caused by lack of erythropoietin Estrogen, parathyroid hormone, and adrenaline Signs and symptoms of anemia including pallor, shortness of breath, and reduced activity tolerance Bradycardia and dry mucous membranes Platelets contributing to hemostasis by clumping Vasoconstriction, fibrinolysis stimulation, and intrinsic pathway Petechiae in vascular and platelet disorders being flat, pinpoint, and non-blanching Red, raised, and macular Flat and purple with vesicles Raised, red, and blanching Allergic purpura lesions including fever, itching, arthralgias, very palpable lesions, and bleeding from lesions Lesions located mainly on the trunk and face Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) as both a bleeding and clotting disorder Acute form with more thrombotic episodes Fibrinogen level increased and fibrin split products decreased Lymphatic system arrangement similar to circulatory system Reabsorbing fluid that leaks out of the lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels being thin-walled with valves Lymphatic tissue and lymph nodes found deep within muscles and connective tissue Arterial thrombosis of the legs Varicose veins, atherosclerosis, cerebral aneurysm, and cerebral AV malformation as causes of stroke signs and symptoms 9. Cardiovascular System Pathophysiology Increased hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels resulting in fluid movement into interstitial space Increased levels of albumin, vasoconstriction, and hypertension Left heart failure manifestations including pulmonary edema and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) Peripheral edema and increased exercise tolerance Compartment syndrome manifestations including pain, paresthesia, ischemia, inflammation, coolness, and edema Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) manifestations including projectile vomiting, altered mental status, and decerebrate position Intense thirst Unusual thirst in diabetic patient indicating hyperglycemia Nephropathy, polyuria, and fluid overload Chronic airway disease including COPD characterized by progressive increase in ciliary function Asthmatic attacks producing edema and increased mucus COPD producing reversible constriction of airways Asthma resulting in hyperinflation of alveoli Peripheral artery disease with intermittent pain with walking caused by arteriole occlusion resulting in ischemia to muscles Initial vital sign alteration in acute hypovolemia as tachycardia Tachypnea, hypotension, and elevated temperature Stable angina with chest pain, shortness of breath with activity, and relief by rest Unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and pericarditis Risk factors for gastric cancer including eating bacon and other cured meats and Helicobacter pylori infection Celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, and high carbohydrate diet Immunologic activity in COPD including macrophages causing destruction of alveolar walls resulting in loss of overall alveolar surface area T cells attacking healthy goblet cells B cells producing excessive immunoglobulin Antigen-antibody complexes deposited in small airways Protein restriction for patients with liver and kidney disease because protein breakdown produces nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by liver and kidneys Protein having proinflammatory effect on liver tissue Protein excreted by damaged nephrons resulting in proteinuria Less protein needed as organ dysfunction results in reduced metabolic needs Mechanism of end-organ disease with diabetes mellitus including hyperglycemia resulting in microvascular damage to capillaries Episodic hypoglycemia causing intermittent reduction of blood flow to organs Buildup of nitrogenous wastes in blood being toxic to organs Reduction in blood viscosity resulting in enhanced perfusion of organs Diagnosis of pancreatitis with elevated serum lipase and amylase levels Hard, dry stools, right lower quadrant pain, and thrombocytopenia Elevated plasma glucose causing release of insulin Release of glucagon, glycogen, and potassium Normal lab values including LDL of 100 mg/dL, potassium of 3.5-5.0 mEq/L, hemoglobin of 12-17 gm/dL, HDL 40 mg/dL, and BUN of 15 mg/dL Hematocrit 30% as abnormal Open-angle glaucoma with trabecular meshwork becoming blocked over time Angle of Schlemm constricted preventing drainage Sudden and acutely painful presentation Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) expected feature as hypoxia Extreme hypercapnia, metabolic alkalosis, and green or yellow sputum Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) may be suppressed but not likely cured Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), Hodgkin lymphoma, and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) causing urinary symptoms by compression of urethra causing difficulty voiding Inflammatory changes in bladder Metastasis of tumor cells into urinary tract Formation of calculi resulting in urinary pain Acute renal failure expected finding as increased serum potassium Decreased specific gravity of urine Reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Normal blood creatinine level Mechanism of extreme edema after a burn Decubitus ulcers from prolonged pressure on tissues causing inflammation and ischemia Eczema, psoriasis, and abrasions HIV patient with non-reactive TB skin test but active disease by sputum testing due to anergic response because of immune system damage Presence of HIV virus interfering with skin reaction Increase in T cells suppressed response Sputum testing not accurate with HIV Travel to a country with possibly contaminated water and expected infections including hepatitis A and acute amoebic dysentery Hepatitis B, ulcerative colitis, and gluten enteropathy Osteoporosis resulting in increased bone reabsorption and demineralization Rheumatoid arthritis resulting in antigen-antibody deposition and inflammation of joint Acute gout resulting in repetitive stress and destruction of articular cartilage Osteoarthritis always affecting joints symmetrically and causing fevers and fatigue Foam cells (fatty macrophages) associated with development of atherosclerosis Pluripotent stem cells, reticulocytes, and myocytes Emergency infusion of factor VII for patient with von Willebrand's disease having surgery Patient with gunshot wound to chest Patient with pernicious anemia Patient with polycythemia vera Appropriate candidate for transfusion of whole blood as trauma patient who is hemorrhaging Elderly woman with iron deficiency anemia Septic patient with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) Patient with hemophilia A getting routine infusion Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) expected progression as destruction of motor neurons in brain and spinal cord causing progressive muscle weakness Dysfunction of substantia nigra in the brain causing reduction in dopamine and development of progressive movement disorder Acute inflammation of meninges causing nuchal rigidity, pain, headache, and high fever Loss of cholinergic receptors in muscles leading to early muscle fatigue and weakness Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture causing hypotension and shock Sudden loss of circulation to one leg Acute respiratory distress Proteinuria and edema Risk factors for osteoporosis including low BMI, being Caucasian, and smoking Repetitive stress to joint and being overweight Hormone released in stressful situation causing alteration in glucose metabolism as cortisol Epinephrine, renin, and erythropoietin Difference between diabetic ketonuria (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) including DKA patients having ketones in urine and blood while HHS patients do not DKA occurring with diabetics and HHS occurring in anyone DKA characterized by hyperglycemia and HHS characterized by hypoglycemia DKA being very dangerous and HHS being less serious Exophthalmos caused by increased inflammation of eyes affecting muscles and fatty tissue around eye Decreased cardiac output resulting in activation of RAAS system and increased blood pressure Increased pressure in anterior chamber of eye causing hardening of eyeball and blurring of vision Inflammation of cornea causing intense pressure and pain in eye Stress dosing of steroids for Addison's disease Cushing's disease, acromegaly, and hypothyroidism Early infections (shift to the left) with bandemia Increased B cells, lymphocytosis, and thrombocytopenia Frank-Starling law predicting more preload, increased contraction More afterload, less perfusion Less afterload, more ischemia More contraction, less output Function of glomerulus as filter blood Activating vitamin D, actively reabsorbing glucose, and regulating sodium excretion Neurotransmitter changes in brain associated with mood depression including low serotonin High dopamine, increased acetylcholine (ACh), and low norepinephrine HIV transmission via breast milk and sharing needles Aerosol route, pregnancy, saliva, and surface survival Initial HIV infection with flulike symptoms and rash Decreased CD4 T cells, seroconversion within 3-6 days, and CD4 T cell count 200 per mcg/L HIV rapid finger stick tests giving results in 20 minutes Electrophoresis, ELISA, and Western blot Erythropoiesis requiring vitamin B12, folate, and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Vitamin K, iron, and erythropoietin Shift of oxyhemoglobin curve to the right caused by chronic disease Increased pH, decreased H+ ions, and decreased temperature Polycythemia as an excess of RBCs Anemia, pancytopenia, and granulocytosis Aplastic anemia running in families Overproduction of hematopoietic tissue Pancytopenia and viral infections Macrocytic anemia including pernicious anemia Thalassemia, anemia of chronic renal failure, and iron deficiency anemia Sickle cell anemia management including acetaminophen for fever Early spleen removal Anemia of chronic disease caused by lack of erythropoietin Estrogen, parathyroid hormone, and adrenaline Signs and symptoms of anemia including pallor, shortness of breath, and reduced activity tolerance Bradycardia and dry mucous membranes Platelets contributing to hemostasis by clumping Vasoconstriction, fibrinolysis stimulation, and intrinsic pathway Petechiae in vascular and platelet disorders being flat, pinpoint, and non-blanching Red, raised, and macular Flat and purple with vesicles Raised, red, and blanching Allergic purpura lesions including fever, itching, arthralgias, very palpable lesions, and bleeding from lesions Lesions located mainly on the trunk and face Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) as both a bleeding and clotting disorder Acute form with more thrombotic episodes Fibrinogen level increased and fibrin split products decreased Lymphatic system arrangement similar to circulatory system Reabsorbing fluid that leaks out of the lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels being thin-walled with valves Lymphatic tissue and lymph nodes found deep within muscles and connective tissue Arterial thrombosis of the legs Varicose veins, atherosclerosis, cerebral aneurysm, and cerebral AV malformation as causes of stroke signs and symptoms Upper acceptable level of cholesterol in blood including total cholesterol of 200 mg/dL, HDL of 40 mg/dL, and LDL of 100 mg/dL Total cholesterol of 40 mg/dL, HDL of 200 mg/dL, and LDL of 160 mg/dL Total cholesterol of 40 mg/dL, HDL of 160 mg/dL, and LDL of 200 mg/dL Total cholesterol of 200 mg/dL, HDL of 140 mg/dL, and LDL of 60 mg/dL Modifiable risk factor for prevention of atherosclerosis as smoking Age as non-modifiable risk factor Major determinant of diastolic blood pressure as systemic vascular resistance (SVR) Heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and preload Renin release not stimulated by parasympathetic activation Renal hypoperfusion, fight or flight response, and decreased Na+ delivery Another name for vasopressin as antidiuretic hormone Arterial natriuretic peptide, angiotensin, and aldosterone Causes of increased blood pressure including intracerebral hemorrhage Dehydration, blood loss, and prolonged bed rest Endocrine disorder causing elevated BP as coarctation of the aorta Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) altering blood pressure in response to decreased perfusion of the kidney Decreased flow to the brain, arm, and liver Arrangement in which separate cells of the myocardium can function together as syncytium Autoregulation, ischemia, and myocyte Electrolytes necessary for muscle contraction including sodium, calcium, and potassium Magnesium and selenium Blood flow in the human body from the right atrium to the right ventricle to the lungs, back to the left atrium to the left ventricle to the body, then back through the venous system Left side of heart to lungs to right side of heart Right ventricle to right atrium to lungs Cardiac muscle obtaining O2 and getting rid of wastes during diastole Systole, ventricular contraction, and atrial repolarization Myocardial infarction described by radiating chest pain, ST segment changes, and elevated troponin Chest pain worse with cough and deep breath Chest pain initiated by exercise or stress Chest pain worsened with deep breathing but relieved by rest Congenital heart disease producing cyanosis due to right-to-left shunting of blood Left-to-right shunting of blood Ventricular septal obstruction Atherosclerotic plaques Patient with heart failure awakening intermittently during night with shortness of breath described as paroxysmal dyspnea Dyspnea, orthopnea, and cyanosis Left heart failure symptoms not expected including pedal edema Cough, dyspnea, and crackles in lungs Hypovolemic shock compensatory mechanism preserving adequate circulation as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade Increased parasympathetic nervous system activity Vasodilation and decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Shock not characterized by vasodilation and peripheral pooling of blood as cardiogenic Septic shock Underlying problem in all shock states as inadequate cellular oxygenation Tachycardia, cardiac failure, and faulty compensatory mechanisms Cells switching to anaerobic metabolism producing lactic acid Excess energy, carbon monoxide, and bilirubin Types of dead space including anatomic, alveolar, and physiologic Cartilaginous as not a type of dead space Compliance as a measure of how easily the lung can be inflated How easily gas exchange occurs at the alveoli How much dead space the lung has Shunting Conditions increasing lung compliance including emphysema Pneumonia Hypoventilation with PaCO2 exceeding 45 mm Hg Amount of air entering alveoli increasing Normal response to high altitude Hypocapnia occurring Major obstructive airway diseases including bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema Pneumonia as not a major obstructive airway disease Pathogenic changes associated with bronchitis including inflamed airways, swelling from exudation of fluid, and loss of ciliary function Decreased mucous production as not associated with bronchitis Most common cause of chronic bronchitis as smoking Viral infection, bacterial infection, and air pollution Emphysema in a 24-year-old male who has never smoked caused by alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Value consistent with acute respiratory failure including pH 7.3 PaO2 of 100 mm Hg, PaCO2 of 40 mm Hg, and hypocapnia Abnormality characteristic of emphysema as trapping of air in distal air sacs Extensive inflammation of lower airways Widespread occurrence of bronchial plugs Collapse of proximal airways Triad suggesting epiglottitis including sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and drooling Hoarseness, sore throat, and productive cough Persistent productive cough, vomiting, and fever Fever, sore throat, and increased thirst Tachycardia, decreased or absent breath sounds on affected side, hyper-resonance, and sudden chest pain on affected side as signs of pneumothorax Myocardial infarction Tubercular bacilli transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei Blood and body fluids, contaminated food, and contaminated blood Release of ADH from posterior pituitary stimulated when patient is hypovolemic or has hyper-osmolality of extracellular fluid Patient being hypervolemic and hypertensive Patient having hypo-osmolality of extracellular fluid and being lethargic Patient being febrile and restless Clinical signs of hypocalcemia versus hypercalcemia including hypercalcemia exhibiting decreased neuromuscular irritability such as lethargy, shortened ST segment, and diminished reflexes Hypocalcemia exhibiting increased neuromuscular irritability such as headache, renal calculi, and fatigue Hypocalcemia exhibiting increased neuromuscular irritability such as positive Trousseau sign, positive Chvostek sign, paresthesia, muscle twitching, and cramping Hypercalcemia exhibiting decreased neuromuscular irritability such as seizures, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, disorientation, and muscle twitching Too much carbonic acid accumulating in blood causing respirations to increase and depth to increase Respirations increasing and depth decreasing Respirations decreasing and depth increasing Respirations decreasing and depth decreasing Kidneys responsible for maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis Kidneys filtering more than 70 ml of fluid an hour Kidneys activating vitamin C Kidneys containing 100,000 nephrons Calcium in chronic renal failure with low serum levels Increased absorption from GI tract High serum calcium Normal parathyroid activity Predisposing factors for pyelonephritis including pregnancy, neurogenic bladder, catheterization, and urinary obstruction Viral infection, sexual trauma, and sepsis Diabetes, polycystic kidney disease, and cystoscopy Irradiation, diabetes, and trauma Effect of urinary obstruction on glomerular filtration, urinary stasis, and infection risk including decreased glomerular filtration, urinary stasis, and predisposition to infection Decreased hydrostatic pressure, decreased filtration, and anuria Increased glomerular filtration rate, diuresis, and infectious process No effect on glomerular filtration, increased urinary stasis, and infection Glomerulonephritis resulting from antigen-antibody complexes Trauma to kidney, infection caused by staphylococci, and obstructive pathology Risk factors for acute renal failure including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus Youth as not a risk factor Classic finding in renal failure as increased phosphorus Crystals in urine, increased calcium, and protein in urine Patient presenting with jugular venous distention, bounding pulses, rales in lungs, and peripheral edema in chronic renal failure caused by inability to excrete fluid Azotemia, hypocalcemia, and hypertension Nutrition not restricted in renal failure including carbohydrates Protein, sodium, and fluid Incontinence manifested by constant or intermittent dribbling as overflow incontinence Urge incontinence, mixed incontinence, and stress incontinence Predisposing factors for cystitis in elderly including benign prostatic hypertrophy, diabetes mellitus, and bowel incontinence Obesity, chronic illness such as diabetes, and sexual relations Lack of exercise, arthritis, and decreased estrogen in women Urinary incontinence, neurologic illness, and thirst Normal cells committing suicide as apoptosis Anaplasia, proto-oncogene, and suppressor genes Chronic stress expected findings including reduced productivity Increased energy, reduced urine output, and heightened awareness Conductive hearing loss caused by bug in ear Removal of dry cerumen Disease of cochlear system Listening to iPod set at 10 Sensorineural hearing loss resulting from cochlear damage Congenital absence of outer ear Impacted cerumen in ears Bean inserted into external auditory canal Patient with diabetic ketonuria developing hypokalemia during treatment due to K+ following glucose into cells Decrease in serum pH Activation of active transport mechanism in kidneys Increase in cardiac output