NSG 530 Exam 1: (Advanced
Pathophysiology) Expert Strategies
Questions and Verified Detailed
Answers; for Guaranteed Success
What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell - ANSWER -• Well define nucleus.
• cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization than do
prokaryotes.
• cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the super coiling of DNA.
• cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis
. it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a fluid filling
called cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles
How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the cell -
ANSWER -Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules.
-they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that affect the cell itself
and other cells in direct physical contact
-they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the
cell to bind to them
-they form protein channels (gap juctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent
cells.
responsable for cellular respiration and energy production - ANSWER -mitocondria
they provide sites for cellular protein synthesis - ANSWER -ribosome
is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell center, main function
is cell division and control of genetic information - ANSWER -nucleus
,is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with proteins -
ANSWER -nucleolus
are saclike structures that originate from the golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes -
ANSWER -lysosomes
specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the
cells organelles - ANSWER -endoplasmic reticulum
proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane -
ANSWER -Golgi apparatus or complex
membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and urate
oxidase. those enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen in an oxidative reaction that produces
hydrogen peroxide. - ANSWER -peroxisomes
it is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. functions include: intermediary
metabolism involving enzymatic biochemical reactions; ribosomal protein synthesis and
storage of carbohydrates, fat and secretory vesicles - ANSWER -cytosol
maintains the cell's shape and internal organization - ANSWER -cytoskeleton
cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed and immobilized. -
ANSWER -paracrine
cancer cells use this form of signaling to stimulate their survival and proliferation. it function as
a component of normal growth regulatory mechanism. - ANSWER -autocrine
diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the postsypnaptic target cells - ANSWER -
neurotransmitter
are released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the bloodstream to
produce a response in other set of cells - ANSWER -hormone
, proteins float in the fluid lipid bilayer. is a membrane structure that consists of a variety of
individual protein molecules moving and shifting within a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. -
ANSWER -fluid mosaic model
second messenger - ANSWER -are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on
the cell surface
are generated in large numbers when the membrane bound enzyme is activated, and they
then rapidly diffuse away from their source, broadcasting the signal throughout the cell. The
two major pathways are cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP, CAMP) and Ca.
• a signal molecule such as epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor, it activate a G protein
inside the cell
• The G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of cyclic AMP from ATP
• Then cAMP binds to and activate a target protein such as a-kinase which adds phosphate to
specific protein within the cell
How does oxidative phosphorylation work? - ANSWER -Occurs in the mitochondria and
is the mechanism by which the energy produce from cahydrates, fats, and proteins is
transferred to ATP. The process by which ATP is formed
: is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of
lower solute concentration. - ANSWER -diffusion
is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute
concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. - ANSWER -Osmosis
is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes - ANSWER -
Hydrostatic pressure
requires metabolic energy (ATP) to move molecules against the concentration gradient -
ANSWER -active transport
is also called facilitated diffusion. It does not require the expenditure of metabolic energy. -
ANSWER -passive transport
The overall osmotic effect of colloids, such as plasma proteins. Results from the attraction of
fluid by free protein. - ANSWER -oncotic
Pathophysiology) Expert Strategies
Questions and Verified Detailed
Answers; for Guaranteed Success
What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell - ANSWER -• Well define nucleus.
• cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization than do
prokaryotes.
• cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the super coiling of DNA.
• cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis
. it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a fluid filling
called cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles
How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the cell -
ANSWER -Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules.
-they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that affect the cell itself
and other cells in direct physical contact
-they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the
cell to bind to them
-they form protein channels (gap juctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent
cells.
responsable for cellular respiration and energy production - ANSWER -mitocondria
they provide sites for cellular protein synthesis - ANSWER -ribosome
is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell center, main function
is cell division and control of genetic information - ANSWER -nucleus
,is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with proteins -
ANSWER -nucleolus
are saclike structures that originate from the golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes -
ANSWER -lysosomes
specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the
cells organelles - ANSWER -endoplasmic reticulum
proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane -
ANSWER -Golgi apparatus or complex
membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and urate
oxidase. those enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen in an oxidative reaction that produces
hydrogen peroxide. - ANSWER -peroxisomes
it is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. functions include: intermediary
metabolism involving enzymatic biochemical reactions; ribosomal protein synthesis and
storage of carbohydrates, fat and secretory vesicles - ANSWER -cytosol
maintains the cell's shape and internal organization - ANSWER -cytoskeleton
cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed and immobilized. -
ANSWER -paracrine
cancer cells use this form of signaling to stimulate their survival and proliferation. it function as
a component of normal growth regulatory mechanism. - ANSWER -autocrine
diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the postsypnaptic target cells - ANSWER -
neurotransmitter
are released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the bloodstream to
produce a response in other set of cells - ANSWER -hormone
, proteins float in the fluid lipid bilayer. is a membrane structure that consists of a variety of
individual protein molecules moving and shifting within a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. -
ANSWER -fluid mosaic model
second messenger - ANSWER -are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on
the cell surface
are generated in large numbers when the membrane bound enzyme is activated, and they
then rapidly diffuse away from their source, broadcasting the signal throughout the cell. The
two major pathways are cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP, CAMP) and Ca.
• a signal molecule such as epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor, it activate a G protein
inside the cell
• The G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of cyclic AMP from ATP
• Then cAMP binds to and activate a target protein such as a-kinase which adds phosphate to
specific protein within the cell
How does oxidative phosphorylation work? - ANSWER -Occurs in the mitochondria and
is the mechanism by which the energy produce from cahydrates, fats, and proteins is
transferred to ATP. The process by which ATP is formed
: is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of
lower solute concentration. - ANSWER -diffusion
is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute
concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. - ANSWER -Osmosis
is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes - ANSWER -
Hydrostatic pressure
requires metabolic energy (ATP) to move molecules against the concentration gradient -
ANSWER -active transport
is also called facilitated diffusion. It does not require the expenditure of metabolic energy. -
ANSWER -passive transport
The overall osmotic effect of colloids, such as plasma proteins. Results from the attraction of
fluid by free protein. - ANSWER -oncotic
